Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 42 Sayfa Aralığı: 1247 - 1268 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.46928/iticusbe.869314 İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE

Öz:
By the beginning of the second millennium, the customer experience (CX) concept has emerged to enable companies to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. This concept has been embraced by both academicians and practitioners but the absence of a reliable and representative measurement instrument in this domain has been as a major concern. The aim of this study is to sift through the available literature, conduct inductive and deductive studies and then present a valid and reliable customer experience scale to academicians and researchers to be further evaluated. The development phase started with literature review, followed by focus group interviews and in-depth interviews. The inductive studies went on through content validity and face validity studies.Following the completion of four inductive studies, a total of five deductive studies referring to the experiences of 4229 in eight different industries were employed.Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the current scientific literature and to present a workable Customer Experience scale that can be used by academics and practitioners.Method/Design/Methodology/Approach: The development phase started with literature review, followed by focus group interviews and in-depth interviews. The inductive studies went on through content validity and face validity studies. Findings: As a result of the battery of research a valid and reliable scale is developed. Originality: The study sets forth a scale that can be used in both by academics and pracititioners.
Anahtar Kelime: Customer Experience Measurement Scale Development Customer Experience Scale

MÜŞTERİ DENEYİMİ ÖLÇEĞİ

Öz:
21. Yüzyılın başından itibaren Müşteri Deneyimi kavramı kurumların sürdürülebilir bir rekabet avantajı olarak öne çıkmıştır. Akademisyenlerin ve uygulamacıların hızla benimsediği bu kavramın yaygın kullanımı güvenilir ve uygulanabilir bir ölçüm aracının olmaması nedeniyle olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı mevcut bilimsel yazını inceleyip, tümdengelimsel ve tümevarımsal araştırmalarla akademisyenler ve araştırmacılara değerlendirebilecekleri bir Müşteri Deneyim ölçeği sunmaktır. Mevcut yazın’ın incelenmesi ile başlayıp odak grup görüşmeleri ve derinlemesine mülakatlarla devam eden bu çalışma; içerik ve görünüş geçerliliğini araştıran tümevarımsal çalışmaları ile sürmüştür. Dört tümevarımsal aşamayı takiben; 4229 katılımcının, sekiz farklı sektörde yaşadığı deneyimleri üzerine beş farklı tümdengelimsel çalışma gerçekleştirilmiş ve Müşteri Deneyimi ölçeği araştırmacıların ve uygulamacıların kullanımına sunulmuştur. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı mevcut bilimsel yazını inceleyip, tümdengelimsel ve tümevarımsal araştırmalarla akademisyenler ve araştırmacılara değerlendirebilecekleri bir Müşteri Deneyim ölçeği sunmaktır. Yöntem/Tasarım / Metodoloji / Yaklaşım: Sekiz farklı sektörde yaşadığı deneyimler ile beş farklı tümdengelimsel çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir.Test-tekrar test ve paralel form geçerliliği ile ölçek stabilize edilmiştir. Bulgular: Dört tümevarımsal aşamayı takiben 4229 katılımcının sekiz farklı sektörde yaşadığı deneyimler ile beş farklı tümdengelimsel çalışma gerçekleştirilmiş ve Müşteri Deneyimi ölçeği araştırmacıların ve uygulamacıların kullanımına sunulmuştur. Özgünlük: Bu çalışma ile lüteratüre uygulanabilir, güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçek kazandırılmıştır
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Addis, M. & Holbrook, M.B. (2001). On the conceptual link between mass customization and experiential consumption: an explosion of subjectivity, Journal of Consumer Behavior, 1, p.50.
  • Allport, G. W. (1948). The genius of Kurt Lewin, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 4(1), p.14–21.
  • Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and its implications, New York: W.H. Freeman. Bagozzi, R. P. (1980). Causal models in marketing, New York: Wiley.
  • Bator, R. J. & Cialdini R. B. (2006). The nature of consistency motivation: Consistency, a consistency, and anti-consistency in a dissonance paradigm, Social Influence, Vol.1(3), p.208-233.
  • Berry,L.L., Carbone, L.P. & Haeckel,, S.H. (2002). Managing the total customer experience, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol.43(3) p.85-89.
  • Bossart, W. H. (1994). Apperception, knowledge, and experience, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
  • Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H. & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: what is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty?, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 73(3), p.52-68.
  • Brun, I., Rajaobelina, L., Ricard, L. & Berthiaume, B. (2017). Impact of customer experience on loyalty: a multichannel examination, Service Industries Journal, Vol. 37(5-6), p.317-340.
  • Bustamante, J. & Rubio N.,(2017). In-store customer experience: A first approximation in the construction of a scale in LA, Latin American Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.4, p.76-80.
  • Campbell, D. T. (1960). Recommendations for test standards regarding construct, trait, and discriminant validity, American Psychologist, Vol.16, p.546-55.
  • Chang, P.L. & Chieng, M.H. (2006). Building consumer–brand relationship: A cross-cultural experiential view, Psychology and Marketing, Vol.23(11), p.927–959.
  • Chaudhuri, A. & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty, Journal of Marketing, Vol.65(2), p.81–93.
  • Churchill, G.A. Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.16 (2), p.64-73.
  • Court, D., Elzinga, D., Mulder, S. & Vetvik, O. J. (2009). The consumer decision journey, McKinsey Quarterly, Vol.2, p.96.
  • Cronbach, L. J., (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests, Psychometrics, Vol.16(3), p.297-334.
  • Cronbach, L. J. & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 52(4), p.281-302.
  • De Keyser, A., Lemon, K., Klaus, P. & Keiningham, T. L. (2015). A framework for understanding and managing the customer experience, Marketing Science Institute Working Paper Series, Report No.15-121.
  • Delgado-Ballester E. & Munuera-Alemán, J. L. (2005). Does brand trust matter to brand equity?, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol.14(3).
  • Devellis, R.F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications. Los Angeles: Sage
  • Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B. & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand, and store information on buyers' product evaluations, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.28(3), p. 307-319.
  • Duran, C. & Uray, N. (2018). Managing and measuring customer experience: A literature review, Research Journal of Business and Management, Vol.5(1), p.63-72.
  • Edelman, D. C. (2010). Branding in the Digital Age, Harvard Business Review, Vol.88(12), p.62–69.
  • Erdem, C. & Tavşan, N. (2019). customer experience management: design, application, measurement, Istanbul: Beta Books.
  • Gentile, C., Spiller, N. & Noci, G. (2007). How to sustain the customer experience: an overview of experience components that co-create value with the customer, European Management Journal, Vol.25, p.395-410.
  • Gerbing, D. W. & James C. A. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.5 (2), p.186–192.
  • Ha, H. & Perks, H. (2005). Effects of consumer perceptions of brand experience on the web: Brand familiarity, satisfaction and brand trust, Journal of Consumer Behavior, Vol. 4(6), p. 438–452.
  • Hardesty, D. M. & Bearden, W. O. (2004). The use of expert judges in scale development: Implications for improving face validity of measures of unobservable constructs, Journal of Business Research, Vol.57(2), p.98–107.
  • Hess, J. S. (1995). Construction and assessment of a scale to measure consumer trust, AMA Educator's Proceedings, Vol. 6, p.20-26.
  • Holbrook, M. B. & Hirschman E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.9(2), p.132-140.
  • Homburg, C., Jozi'c, D. & Kuehnl, C., (2015). Customer experience management: toward implementing an evolving marketing concept, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, August, p.1-25.
  • Jain, S. P., Mathur, P. & Maheswaran, D. (2009). The influence of consumers' lay theories on approach/avoidance motivation, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.46(1), p.56–65.
  • Klecka, W. R. (1980). Quantitative applications in the social sciences: discriminant analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Lasalle, D. & Britton, T. A. (2003). Priceless Turning Ordinary Products into Extraordinary Experiences. Boston: Harvard Business School press.
  • Lemon, K. N. & Verhoef, P. C. (2016). Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 80(6), p.69-96.
  • Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Lindell, M. K. & Whitney D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. (86), p.114-21.
  • Ling C., K., Chai, L. T. & Piew, T. H. (2010). The effects of shopping orientations, online trust and prior online purchase experience toward customers' online purchase intention, International Business Research, Vol. 3(3), p.63-76.
  • Malhotra, N. K. (1981). A scale to measure self-concepts, person concepts, and product concepts, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.18(4), p.456–64.
  • Malhotra, N., Kim S. S. & Patil A. (2006). Common method variance in is research: a comparison of alternative approaches and reanalysis of past research, Management Science, Vol.52(12), p.1865– 1883.
  • Morgan, R.M. & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing, Journal of Marketing, Vol.58, p.20-38.
  • Meyer C. & Schwager, A. (2007). Understanding customer experience, Harvard Business Review, Vol.85(2), p.116.
  • Nasermoadeli, A., Ling C., K. & Maghnati, F (2013). Evaluating the impacts of customer experience on purchase intention, International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 8(6), p. 128-138.
  • Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
  • Neisser, U. (2014). Cognitive psychology, Hove: Psychology Press.
  • Netemeyer, R.G., Bearden W. O., & Sharma S. (2003). Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
  • Novak, T. P., Hoffman, D. L. & Yiu-Fai Yung. (2000). Measuring the customer experience in online environments: a structural modeling approach, Marketing Science, Vol.19(1), p.22-42
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Nysveen, H. & Pedersen, P. E., (2014). Influences of co-creation on brand experience: the role of brand engagement, International Journal of Market Research, Vol.56(6), p.807-832
  • Nysveen, H., Pedersen, P. E. & Skard, S., (2013). Brand experiences in service organizations: exploring the individual effects of brand experience dimensions, Journal of Brand Management, Vol.20(5), p.404-423.
  • O'guinn, T. C. & Faber, R. J. (1989). Compulsive buying: A phenomenological exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.16(2), p.147-157.
  • Pine, B. J. & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theater and every business a stage. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Ramaseshan, B. & Stein, A., (2014). Connecting the dots between brand experience and brand loyalty: the mediating role of brand personality and brand relationships, Journal of Brand Management, Vol.24, p.664-683.
  • Rose, S., Clark, M., Samuel, P. & Hair, N. (2012). Online customer experience in e-retailing: an empirical model of antecedents and outcomes, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 88(2), p.308–322.
  • Rose, S., Hair, N. & Clark, M. (2011). Online customer experience: a review of the business-to- consumer online purchase context, International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 13(1), p.24– 39.
  • Shaw, C. & Ivens, J. (2002). Building great customer-experiences, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sherman, E., Mathur, A. & Smith, R. B. (1997). Store environment and consumer purchase behavior: mediating role of consumer emotions, Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 14(4), p.361–378.
  • Schmitt, B.H. (1999). Experiential marketing: How to get customers to sense, feel, think, act, and relate to your company and brands. New York: Free Press.
  • Schmitt, B.H. (2003). Customer experience management: A evolutionary approach to connecting with your customer, New Jersey: Wiley and Sons.
  • Tavşan, N. (2017). Customer experience and its consequences on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, Istanbul: Yeditepe University.
  • Tavşan, N. & Erdem, Y. C. (2018). Customer experience management: How to design, integrate, measure and lead, Minneapolis: Tasora Books.
  • Verhoef, P. C., Lemon K. N., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros M. & Schlesinger L. A., (2009). Customer experience creation: Determinants, dynamics and management strategies, Journal of Retailing, Vol.85(1), p.31-41.
APA Tavşan N, erdem c (2021). THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. , 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
Chicago Tavşan Nihat,erdem can THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. (2021): 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
MLA Tavşan Nihat,erdem can THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. , 2021, ss.1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
AMA Tavşan N,erdem c THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. . 2021; 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
Vancouver Tavşan N,erdem c THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. . 2021; 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
IEEE Tavşan N,erdem c "THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE." , ss.1247 - 1268, 2021. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
ISNAD Tavşan, Nihat - erdem, can. "THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE". (2021), 1247-1268. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.869314
APA Tavşan N, erdem c (2021). THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(42), 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
Chicago Tavşan Nihat,erdem can THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 20, no.42 (2021): 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
MLA Tavşan Nihat,erdem can THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol.20, no.42, 2021, ss.1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
AMA Tavşan N,erdem c THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2021; 20(42): 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
Vancouver Tavşan N,erdem c THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE. Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2021; 20(42): 1247 - 1268. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
IEEE Tavşan N,erdem c "THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE." Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20, ss.1247 - 1268, 2021. 10.46928/iticusbe.869314
ISNAD Tavşan, Nihat - erdem, can. "THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MEASUREMENT SCALE". Istanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 20/42 (2021), 1247-1268. https://doi.org/10.46928/iticusbe.869314