Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 227 - 233 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076 İndeks Tarihi: 14-05-2022

Transgender Surgery: A Review Article

Öz:
Transgender surgeries are required to correct some congenital genital defects, reconstruct genital trauma, amputate, treat cancer (e.g., penile cancer), or within a wide perspective to treat gender dysphoria. Literature about gender-affirming surgery is limited; however, surgeries for transgender patients have been done almost for a century. Evidence concerning both male-to-female and female-to-male surgeries has limitations such as insufficient controlled studies, validated assessment measures, and properly controlled groups. Transgender surgeries are mostly required to treat gender dysphoria. The community modernization and more acceptance of transgender citizens in societies have increased the demand for these surgeries within recent years. Increased numbers of patients and advanced surgical options that are available for gender reassignment surgery have made this subject an important consideration for research. Modern surgical techniques with the support of other auxiliary therapy modalities (e.g., hormonal therapy) create satisfactory results for patients; however, these therapies cause many complications as well. In the future, more transgender patients are expected, thus we have to master the subject to treat their problems, most of which probably will be related to surgery complications. This review aimed to summarize transgender surgery, especially genital reconstructive techniques for related specialties to better understand its recent update according to actual literature.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Zucker KJ. Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity. Sex Health 2017;14:404-411.
  • 2. Meyer W, Bockting WO, Cohen-Kettenis PT. The Harry Benjamin Gender Dysphoria Association’s standards of care for gender identity disorders, 6th version. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 2002;13:1-30.
  • 3. Selvaggi G, Ceulemans P, De Cuypere G, VanLanduyt K, Blondeel P, Hamdi M, Bowman C, Monstrey S. Gender identity disorder: general overview and surgical treatment for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;116:135e-145e.
  • 4. Benjamin H. (ed.) The Transsexual Phenomenon Julian Press Inc., New York: 1966. p. 1-156.
  • 5. Ettner R. Mental Health Evaluation for Gender Confirmation Surgery. Clin Plast Surg 2018;45:307-311.
  • 6. Beek TF, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Kreukels BP. Gender incongruence/gender dysphoria and its classification history. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28:5-12.
  • 7. Amend B, Seibold J, Toomey P, Stenzl A, Sievert KD. Surgical reconstruction for male-to-female sex reassignment. Eur Urol 2013;64:141-149.
  • 8. Dreher PC, Edwards D, Hager S, Dennis M, Belkoff A, Mora J, Tarry S, Rumer KL. Complications of the neovagina in male-to-female transgender surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis with discussion of management. Clin Anat 2018;31:191-199.
  • 9. Rubin SO. Sex-reassignment surgery male-to-female. Review, own results and report of a new technique using the glans penis as a pseudoclitoris. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1993;154:1-28.
  • 10. van der Sluis WB, Bouman MB, Buncamper ME, Pigot GLS, Mullender MG, Meijerink WJHJ. Clinical Characteristics and Management of Neovaginal Fistulas After Vaginoplasty in Transgender Women. Obstet Gynecol 2016;127:1118-1126.
  • 11. Jacoby A, Maliha S, Granieri MA, Cohen O, Dy GW, Bluebond-Langner R, Zhao LC. Robotic Davydov Peritoneal Flap Vaginoplasty for Augmentation of Vaginal Depth in Feminizing Vaginoplasty. J Urol 2019;201:1171-1176.
  • 12. Hadj-Moussa M, Ohl DA, Kuzon WM Jr. Feminizing Genital Gender- Confirmation Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:457-468.e2.
  • 13. Reed HM. Aesthetic and functional male to female genital and perineal surgery: feminizing vaginoplasty. Semin Plast Surg 2011;25:163-174.
  • 14. Rossi Neto R, Hintz F, Krege S, Rubben H, Vom Dorp F. Gender reassignment surgery--a 13 year review of surgical outcomes. Int Braz J Urol 2012;38:97- 107.
  • 15. Perovic SV, Stanojevic DS, Djordjevic ML. Vaginoplasty in male transsexuals using penile skin and a urethral flap. BJU Int 2000;86:843-850.
  • 16. Krege S, Bex A, Lümmen G, Rübben H. Male-to-female transsexualism: a technique, results and long-term follow-up in 66 patients. BJU Int 2001;88:396-402.
  • 17. Jiang DD, Gallagher S, Burchill L, Berli J, Dugi D 3rd. Implementation of a Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy Program for Transgender Women Undergoing Gender-Affirming Vaginoplasty. Obstet Gynecol 2019;133:1003-1011.
  • 18. Horbach SE, Bouman MB, Smit JM, Özer M, Buncamper ME, Mullender MG. Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques. J Sex Med 2015;12:1499-1512.
  • 19. Morrison SD, Satterwhite T, Grant DW, Kirby J, Laub DR Sr, VanMaasdam J. Long-Term Outcomes of Rectosigmoid Neocolporrhaphy in Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;136:386-394.
  • 20. Jarolím L, Šedý J, Schmidt M, Naňka O, Foltán R, Kawaciuk I. Gender reassignment surgery in male-to-female transsexualism: A retrospective 3-month follow-up study with anatomical remarks. J Sex Med 2009;6:1635- 1644.
  • 21. Schober JM. Cancer of the neovagina. J Pediatr Urol 2007;3:167-170.
  • 22. Goldstein Z, Khan M, Reisman T, Safer JD. Managing the risk of venous thromboembolism in transgender adults undergoing hormone therapy. J Blood Med 2019;10:209-216.
  • 23. Lebovic GS, Laub DR. Metoidioplasty. In: Ehrlich R.M. Alter G.J. Reconstructive and plastic surgery of the external genitalia. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia: 1999: p. 355.
  • 24. Frey JD, Poudrier G, Chiodo MV, Hazen A. A Systematic Review of Metoidioplasty and Radial Forearm Flap Phalloplasty in Female-to-male Transgender Genital Reconstruction: Is the “Ideal” Neophallus an Achievable Goal? Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2016;4:e1131.
  • 25. Takamatsu A, Harashina T. Labial ring flap: a new flap for metaidoioplasty in female-to-male transsexuals. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009;62:318- 325.
  • 26. Djordjevic ML, Bizic M, Stanojevic D, Bumbasirevic M, Kojovic V, Majstorovic M, Acimovic M, Pandey S, Perovic SV. Urethral Lengthening in metoidioplast (female-to-male sex reassignment surgery) by combined buccal mucosa graft and labia minora flap. Urology 2009;74:349-353.
  • 27. Schultheiss D, Gabouev AI, Jonas U. Nikolaj A. Bogoraz (1874-1952): pioneer of phalloplasty and penile implant surgery. J Sex Med 2005;2:139-146.
  • 28. Nair R, Sriprasad S. 1129 Sir Harold Gillies: Pioneer of phalloplasty and the birth of uroplastic surgery. J Urol 2010:183:e437.
  • 29. Kaplan I. A rapid method for constructing a functional sensitive penis. Br J Plast Surg 1971;24:342-344.
  • 30. Orticochea M. A new method of total reconstruction of the penis. Br J Plast Surg 1972;25:347-366.
  • 31. McGregor IA, Jackson IT. The groin flap. Br J Plast Surg 1972;25:3-16.
  • 32. Hester TR, Hill HL, Jurkiewicz MJ. One-stage reconstruction of the penis. Br J Plast Surg 1978;31:279-285.
  • 33. Song R, Gao Y, Song Y, Yu Y, Song Y. The forearm flap. Clin Plast Surg 1982;9:21-26.
  • 34. Chang TS, Hwang WY. Forearm flap in one-stage reconstruction of the penis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1984;74:251-258.
  • 35. Hage JJ, De Graaf FH. Addressing the ideal requirements by free flap phalloplasty: some reflections on refinements of technique. Microsurgery 1993;14:592-598.
  • 36. Selvaggi G, Bellringer J. Gender reassignment surgery: an overview. Nat Rev Urol 2011;8:274-282.
  • 37. Persky L, Resnick M, Desprez J. Penile reconstruction with gracilis pedicle grafts. J Urol 1983;129:603-605.
  • 38. Akhoondinasab MR, Saboury M, Shafaeei Y, Forghani S, Fatemi MJ. The Comparison of A New Durable Coronaplasty Technique with Norfolk Method for Glans Reconstruction after Phalloplasty. World J Plast Surg 2020;9:39-43.
  • 39. Chen ML, Reyblat P, Poh MM, Chi AC. Overview of surgical techniques in gender-affirming genital surgery. Transl Androl Urol 2019;8:191-208.
  • 40. Zuckerman JM, Smentkowski K, Gilbert D, Storme O, Jordan G, Virasoro R, Tonkin J, McCammon K. Penile Prosthesis Implantation in Patients with a History of Total Phallic Construction. J Sex Med 2015;12:2485-2491.
  • 41. Bateman C. World’s first successful penis transplant at Tygerberg Hospital. S Afr Med J 2015;105:251-252
APA Yılmaz K, Narter F (2021). Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. , 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
Chicago Yılmaz Kahraman Berkhan,Narter Fehmi Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. (2021): 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
MLA Yılmaz Kahraman Berkhan,Narter Fehmi Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. , 2021, ss.227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
AMA Yılmaz K,Narter F Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. . 2021; 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
Vancouver Yılmaz K,Narter F Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. . 2021; 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
IEEE Yılmaz K,Narter F "Transgender Surgery: A Review Article." , ss.227 - 233, 2021. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
ISNAD Yılmaz, Kahraman Berkhan - Narter, Fehmi. "Transgender Surgery: A Review Article". (2021), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
APA Yılmaz K, Narter F (2021). Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. Journal of Urological Surgery, 8(4), 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
Chicago Yılmaz Kahraman Berkhan,Narter Fehmi Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. Journal of Urological Surgery 8, no.4 (2021): 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
MLA Yılmaz Kahraman Berkhan,Narter Fehmi Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. Journal of Urological Surgery, vol.8, no.4, 2021, ss.227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
AMA Yılmaz K,Narter F Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. Journal of Urological Surgery. 2021; 8(4): 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
Vancouver Yılmaz K,Narter F Transgender Surgery: A Review Article. Journal of Urological Surgery. 2021; 8(4): 227 - 233. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
IEEE Yılmaz K,Narter F "Transgender Surgery: A Review Article." Journal of Urological Surgery, 8, ss.227 - 233, 2021. 10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076
ISNAD Yılmaz, Kahraman Berkhan - Narter, Fehmi. "Transgender Surgery: A Review Article". Journal of Urological Surgery 8/4 (2021), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.4274/jus.galenos.2021.2021.0076