İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları

Ekinci, F. Didem

İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları

F. Didem EKİNCİ (Çankaya Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)

Uluslararası İlişkiler

7 0

Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 61 Sayfa Aralığı: 97 - 109 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 19-05-2022

İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları

Öz:

Mevcut çalışmada, devletçi/pragmatist ve medeniyetçi ekollerin etkili olduğu 1991 sonrası Rus dış politikasında önemini korumuş olan Yakın Çevre’de büyük güç kimliğiyle nüfuzu koruma hedefinin, bölgede bazı aktörlerle yerleşik kolektif kimliklerden faydalanarak vatandaşlık verme politikasıyla pekiştirildiği İnşacı perspektiften tartışılmaktadır. Rusya’nın, kadim büyük güç kimlik algısı üzerinden eski kolektif kimlikler aracılığıyla bazı halklara vatandaşlık vermesi, yeni icat edilmiş ve geçici bir politika olmayıp, köklerinin Çarlık döneminden bu yana gözlemlenebilen nüfuz amaçlı tabiiyet/vatandaşlık politikalarını yansıtması; Yakın Çevre’nin Rusya açısından vazgeçilmez bir bölge olduğu ile gelecekte uygulamayı başka Yakın Çevre aktörleriyle de gerçekleştirebileceği savını güçlendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Constructivism, Identity, ‘Manufactured’ Citizens: Russia’s Citizenship Policies in Abkhazia and South Ossetia

Öz:

This paper discusses through a Constructivist perspective that the aim of maintaining influence via great power identity in the Near Abroad which preserved its significance in the post-1991 Russian foreign policy under the statist/pragmatist and civilizationist schools’ influence, is reinforced through citizenship policies due to established collective identities with certain actors. The fact that Russia’s conferral of citizenship to certain peoples through old collective identities via long-time great power identity is not a newly invented and ephemeral policy but that its roots reflect influence-driven subjecthood/citizenship policies since the Tsarist times, strengthens the assumption that the Near Abroad is an irreplaceable region for Russia which may practice similar policies towards other actors in the Near Abroad in the future.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik

1 James A. Green, “Passportisation, Peacekeepers and Proportionality: The Russian Claim of the Protection of Nationals Abroad in Self-Defence”, James A. Green ve Christopher P. M. Waters (Der.), Conflict in the Caucasus: Implications for International Legal Order, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, s.54-79; Kristopher Natoli, “Weaponizing Nationality: An Analysis of Russia’s Passport Policy in Georgia”, Boston University International Law Journal, Cilt 28, No.2, 2010, s.389-417; Angelika Nussberger, “South Ossetia”, Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, 2018, http:// opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e2068?prd=EPIL&print (Erişim Tarihi 2 Şubat 2018), s.1-10.
2 Sam Wrighton, “Authoritarian Regime Stabilization Through Legitimation, Popular Co-optation, and Exclusion: Russian Passportizatsiya Strategies in Crimea”, Globalizations, DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2017.1396798, 2017, s.1-18 (baskıda).
3 Luke March, “Is Nationalism Rising in Russian Foreign Policy?: The Case of Georgia”, Demokratizatsiya, Cilt 19, No.3, 2011, s.187-208.
4 Andre W. M. Gerrits ve Max Bader, “Russian Patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Implications for Conflict Resolution”, East European Politics, Cilt 32, No.3, 2016, s.297-313.
5 Vincent Artman, “Documenting Territory: Passportization, Territory, and Exception in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Geopolitics, Cilt 18, No.3, 2013, s.682-704.
6 Agnia Grigas, Beyond Crimea: The New Russian Empire, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2016; Vasile Rotaru, “Forced Attraction?”, Problems of Post-Communism, Cilt 65, No.1, 2018, s.37-48; Gerard Toal, Near Abroad: Putin, the West and the Contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus, New York, Oxford University Press, 2017.
7 Eric Lohr, Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, Harvard University Press, 2012; David L. Hoffman, Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism 1914-1939, New York, Cornell University Press, 2011; Mervyn Matthews, The Passport Society: Controlling Movement in Russia and the USSR, Boulder, Westview Press, 1993; Igor Zevelev, Russia and Its Diasporas, Washington, D.C., United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001; Elizabeth Teague, “Citizenship, Borders, and National Identity”, Alexander J. Motyl, Blair A. Ruble ve Lilia Shevtsova (Der.), Russia’s Engagement with the West: Transformation and Integration in the Twenty-First Century, New York, M. E. Sharpe, 2005, s.17-32.
8 Stylianos A. Sotiriou, “The Irreversibility of History”, Problems of Post-Communism, DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2017.1406310, 2017, s.1-14 (baskıda); Vladimir Kolossov ve John O’Loughlin, “Violence in the Caucasus: Economic Insecurities and Migration in the ‘De Facto’ States of Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Cilt 52, No.5, 2011, s.1-24.
9 Nathalie Moine, “Passeportisation, Statistique des Migrations et Controle de L’Identité Sociale”, Cahier du Monde Russe, Cilt 38, No.4, Ekim-Aralık 1997, s.587-599; Florian Mühlfried, “Citizenship at War: Passports and Nationality in the 2008 Russian-Georgian Conflict”, Anthropology Today, Cilt 26, No.2, 2010, s.8-13.
10 Toru Nagashima, “Russia’s Passportization Policy toward Unrecognized Republics”, Problems of Post-Communism, DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2017.1388182, 2017, s.1-14 (baskıda).
11 Emil Aslan Souleimanov, Eduard Abrahamyan ve Huseyn Aliyev, “Unrecognized States as a Means of Coercive Diplomacy?: Assessing the Role of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Russia’s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, DOI:10.1080/14683857.2017.1390830, 2017, s.1-14 (baskıda); Stephen M. Saideman ve R. William Ayres, For Kin or Country, New York, Columbia University Press, 2015.
12 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
13 Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism in International Relations – The Politics of Reality, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002, s.40-46.
14 Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, s.224, 231.
15 Alexander Wendt, “Identity and Structural Change in International Politics”, Yosef Lapid ve Friedrich Kratochwil (Der.), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, Boulder, London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996, s.47-64.
16 Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander E. Wendt ve Peter J. Katzenstein, “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security”, Peter J. Katzenstein (Der.), The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1996, s.59-60.
17 Stephen Saideman, “Thinking Theoretically about Identity and Foreign Policy”, Shibley Telhami ve Michael Barnett (Der.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2002, s.177.
18 Ted Hopf, “The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory”, International Security, Cilt 23, No.1, 1998, s.176.
19 Andrei P. Tsygankov, Russia’s Foreign Policy, New York, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2013, s.64; Ted Hopf, Social Construction of International Politics, Ithaca, London, Cornell University Press, 2002, s.220.
20 Andrei Kozyrev, “Russia: A Chance for Survival”, Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992, s.1-16.
21 Bobo Lo, Russian Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Reality, Illusion and Myth-Making, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, s.19
22 “Владимир Путин объявил о награждении Бориса Ельцина орденом «За заслуги перед Отечеством» I степени”, 30 Kasım 2001, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/26837 (Erişim Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2018).
23 Jeffrey Mankoff, Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2011, s.64.
24 “Primakov Says Russia is Still a Great Power”, 25 Şubat 1998, https://www.deseretnews.com/article/659231/ Primakov-says-Russia-is-still-a-great-power.html (Erişim Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2018).
25 Интервью газете «Вельт ам Зоннтаг» (ФРГ), 11 Mart 2000, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/ transcripts/24202 (Erişim Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2018).
26 “Медведев: единение народа позволило России стать великой державой”, 4 Kasım 2009, https://www.vesti.ru/doc. html?id=324109 (Erişim Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2018).
27 “Россия вновь стала великой державой”, 28 Şubat 2018, https://inosmi.ru/politic/20180228/241582254.html (Erişim Tarihi 11 Ağustos 2018).
28 Ольга Владимировна Шатаева ve Александр Станиславович Мошкин, Межнациональные отношения и конфликты в России и за рубежом, Москва-Берлин, Директ-Медиа, 2015, s.175.
29 Ted Hopf, “Moscow’s Foreign Policy, 1945-2000: Identities, Institutions and Interests”, Ronald Grigor Suny (Der.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III, Imperial Russia, The Twentieth Century, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, s.703-705.
30 Tsygankov, Russia’s Foreign Policy, s.115-123.
31 Ibid., s.175, 188.
32 Ibid., s.221.
33 Lohr, Russian Citizenship, s.13;
34 Ibid.; Boris Ananich, “The Russian Economy and Banking System”, Dominic Lieven (Der.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume II, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, s.394, 408.
35 David R. Shearer, “Stalinism, 1928–1940”, Suny (Der.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III, s.211.
36 Lewis H. Siegelbaum, “Workers and Industrialization”, Suny (Der.), The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III, s.446- 447; Sergei Medvedev, “Power, Space, and Russian Foreign Policy”, Ted Hopf (Der.), Understandings of Russian Foreign Policy, Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999, s.29-30.
37 Hoffman, Cultivating the Masses, s.275; Moine, “Passeportisation, Statistique”, s.595-597.
38 Victor Zaslavsky ve Robert J. Brym, Soviet-Jewish Emigration and Soviet Nationality Policy, London, Basingstoke, The Macmillan Press, 1983, s.88-90.
39 Lohr, Russian Citizenship, s.181.
40 Matthews, The Passport Society, s.30-32; Alec Nove, “Agriculture”, Archie Brown ve Michael Kaser (Der.), Soviet Policy for the 1980s, London, Basingstoke, The Macmillan Press, 1982, s.171.
41 Richard Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society, London, New York, Routledge, 2008, s.233.
42 Valeriy Rudnev, “Russia is Again Receiving Compatriots from Abroad”, Izvestiya, 7 Eylül 1992, içinde Zbigniew Brzezinski ve Peter Sullivan (Der.), Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States:Documents, Data, and Analysis, New York, M. E. Sharpe, 1997, s.99.
43 Saideman ve Ayres, For Kin or Country, s.177.
44 Zevelev, Russia and Its Diasporas, s.139.
45 Teague, “Citizenship, Borders, and National Identity”, s.24-25. Amaç, doğum oranı düşen Rusya’nın iş gücü kaybı yaşamaması için kalifiye bireylere vatandaşlık vermesidir.
46 Esther Ademmer ve Laure Delcour, “With a Little Help From Russia? The European Union and Visa Liberalization with Post-Soviet States”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Cilt 57, No.1, 2016, s.100-101.
47 Irina Molodikova, “The Transformation of Russian Citizenship Policy in the Context of European or Eurasian Choice: Regional Prospects”, Central and Eastern European Migration Review, Cilt 6, No.1, 2017, s.110-112.
48 Rotaru, “Forced Attraction?”, s.43.
49 Lohr, Russian Citizenship, s.5.
50 Bkz. Stephen F. Jones (Der.), The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918-2012: The First Georgian Republic and Its Successors, London, New York, Routledge, 2014.
51 Edmund Herzig, The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, New York, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999, s.77.
52 Alexei Zverev, “Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus, 1988-1994”, Bruno Coppitiers (Der.), Contested Borders in the Caucasus, Brussels, VUB University Press, 1996, s.53.
53 Frederik Coene, The Caucasus: An Introduction, London, New York, Routledge, 2009, s.150-151.
54 George Hewitt, Discordant Neighbours, Leiden, Boston, Brill, 2013, s.219-220.
55 John O’Loughlin, Vladimir Kolossov ve Gerard Toal, “Inside Abkhazia: Survey of Attitudes in a De Facto State”, Post- Soviet Affairs, Cilt 27, No.1, 2011, s.19-22.
56 Mühlfried, “Citizenship at War”, s.9.
57 “Up in Flames – Humanitarian Law Violations and Civilian Victims in the Conflict over South Ossetia”, Human Rights Watch, Ocak 2009, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0109web.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018), s.18.
58 Nagashima, “Russia’s Passportization Policy”, 2017, s.6.
59 Ibid., s.6-7.
60 Ibid., s.8.
61 Inal Khashig, “Абхазы В Погоне За Российскими Паспортами”, Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR) Caucasus Reporting Service, 27 Haziran 2002, https://iwpr.net/ru/global-voices/абхазы-в-погоне-за-российскими- паспортами (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018).
62 “Up in Flames”, s.18; “Какой статус имеют паспорта Приднестровья, Абхазии и Южной Осетии”, Коммерсанть, 20 Şubat 2017, https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3224414 (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018).
63 http://georgiaupdate.gov.ge/ru/tagliavini/15c7ac9f9e93192bc30fbeaecc87c70b/0f91906a35c86ed83e3f852816737 51f/ce33109ca426ac9739e76c9722fc831c (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018).
64 “Жителям Южной Осетии перестали выдавать российские паспорта”, NewsRu, 5 Mart 2009, https://www.newsru. com/world/05mar2009/so_pasporta.html (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018).
65 “Human Rights in the Occupied Territories of Georgia”, Information Note by Georgia, OSCE Review Conference, Varşova, 18 Ekim 2010, s. 3-4, https://www.osce.org/home/73289?download=true (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018).
66 Андрей Николаев, “Из Абхазии собираются прогнать всех?”, Росбалт, 13 Kasım 2017, http://www.rosbalt.ru/ world/2017/11/13/1659782.html (Erişim Tarihi 10 Haziran 2018).
67 Marlene Laurelle, “Russia as a ‘Divided Nation’ from Compatriots to Crimea: A Contribution to the Discussion on Nationalism and Foreign Policy”, Problems of Post-Communism, Cilt 62, No.2, 2015, s.88-97.
68 Hopf, Social Construction of International Politics, s.288-289; Ted Hopf, “Identity, Legitimacy, and the Use of Military Force: Russia’s Great Power Identities and Military Intervention in Abkhazia”, David Armstrong, Theo Farrell ve Bice Maiguashca (Der.), Force and Legitimacy in World Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, s.225.
69 Saideman, “Thinking Theoretically about Identity and Foreign Policy”, s.174.
70 Ibid., s.184-185.
71 Tsygankov, Russia’s Foreign Policy, s.122.
72 Hopf, “The Promise of Constructivism”, s.195-196.
73 David Rousseau ve A. Maurits van der Veen, “The Emergence of a Shared Identity”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Cilt 49, No.5, 2005, s.709.
74 Ibid.
75 Shibley Telhami ve Michael Barnett, “Introduction: Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East”, Telhami ve Barnett (Der.), Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, s.12.
76 Richard Mansbach ve Edward Rhodes, “The National State and Identity Politics: State Institutionalization and ‘Markers’ of National Identity”, Geopolitics, Cilt 12, No.3, 2007, s.439.
77 Ibid., s.440.
78 Ibid.
79 Ibid., s.441.
80 Sotiriou, “The Irreversibility of History”, s.7-8.
81 Gerrits ve Bader, “Russian Patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia” s.300-301.
82 “2008 Georgia Russia Conflict Fast Facts”, 3 Nisan 2018, CNN, https://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/13/world/eu/ rope/2008-georgia-russia-conflict/index.html (Erişim Tarihi 23 Mayıs 2018).
83 “Russian Duma Ratifies Merger of South Ossetian Forces with Russian Military”, 25 Ocak 2018, OC MEDIA http:// oc-media.org/russian-duma-ratifies-merger-of-south-ossetian-forces-with-russian-military/ (Erişim Tarihi 23 Mayıs 2018).
84 Tracey German, “Securing the South Caucasus: Military Aspects of Russian Policy towards the Region since 2008”, Europe-Asia Studies, Cilt 64, No.9, 2012, s.1650-1666.
85 Anne L. Clunan, The Social Construction of Russia’s Resurgence: Aspirations, Identity, and Security Interests, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009, s.9-10.
86 Ibid., s.38-40
87 Ibid., s.39-40.
88 Ibid.

APA	Ekinci F (2019). İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. , 97 - 109.
Chicago	Ekinci F. Didem İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. (2019): 97 - 109.
MLA	Ekinci F. Didem İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. , 2019, ss.97 - 109.
AMA	Ekinci F İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. . 2019; 97 - 109.
Vancouver	Ekinci F İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. . 2019; 97 - 109.
IEEE	Ekinci F "İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları." , ss.97 - 109, 2019.
ISNAD	Ekinci, F. Didem. "İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları". (2019), 97-109.

APA	Ekinci F (2019). İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16(61), 97 - 109.
Chicago	Ekinci F. Didem İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler 16, no.61 (2019): 97 - 109.
MLA	Ekinci F. Didem İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol.16, no.61, 2019, ss.97 - 109.
AMA	Ekinci F İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2019; 16(61): 97 - 109.
Vancouver	Ekinci F İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2019; 16(61): 97 - 109.
IEEE	Ekinci F "İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları." Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16, ss.97 - 109, 2019.
ISNAD	Ekinci, F. Didem. "İnşacılık, Kimlik, ‘Üretilmiş’ Vatandaşlar: Rusya’nın Abhazya ve Güney Osetya’da Vatandaşlık Politikaları". Uluslararası İlişkiler 16/61 (2019), 97-109.