The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

KOCAMAZ, Sinem ÜNALDILAR

The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Sinem ÜNALDILAR KOCAMAZ (Ege University, Department of International Relations, Izmir, Turkey)

Uluslararası İlişkiler

4 0

Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 61 Sayfa Aralığı: 127 - 141 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 19-05-2022

The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Öz:

Since the end of the Cold War, the US and its Western allies have dominated international relations through various political and economic institutions. However, with the rise of new power centers, Western governance and US dominance began to be questioned, including by Russia and China. Among other efforts, Russia and China decided to empower the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in order to attain regional security, establish a new energy club and reduce US influence in the region. Although the SCO lacks the material and political capacity to confront US interests directly, this organization has become an important tool to balance the US through the soft balancing policies of Russia and China. This article evaluates the posssibility of Sino-Russian collaboration through the SCO in terms of balancing the dominance of the US.

Anahtar Kelime:

Dünya Politikasında Yeni Güçlerin Yükselişi: Rusya, Çin ve Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü

Öz:

Soğuk Savaş’ın bitişinden buyana ABD ve Batılı müttefikleri, uluslararası ilişkileri politik ve ekonomik kurumlar aracılığıyla domine etmişlerdir. Ancak, yeni güç merkezlerinin yükselişi ile birlikte, Batı’nın yönetim anlayışı ve ABD’nin üstünlüğü özellikle Rusya ve Çin tarafından sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Rusya ve Çin, diğer çabalarının yanı sıra, bölgesel güvenliği sağlamak, yeni bir enerji klübü oluşturmak ve bölgedeki ABD etkisini sonra erdirmek için Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü’nü (ŞİÖ) güçlendirmeye karar vermişlerdir. ŞİÖ’nün materyal ve politik kapasitesi, ABD çıkarlarına doğrudan karşı koymak için henüz yetersiz olsa da örgüt, Rusya ve Çin’in ABD’ye karşı izledikleri yumuşak dengeleme politikalarının önemli araçlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, Şangay İşbirliği Örgütü vasıtasıyla, Rusya ve Çin’in ABD’yi dengeleme çabasının ne derece mümkün olduğunu değerlendirecektir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik

1 Stephen Aris, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Tackling Three Evils: A Regional Response to Non-Traditional Security Challanges or Anti-Western Block?”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.61, No.3, 2009, p.457-482.
2 Yeongmi Yun and Kicheol Park, “An Analysis of the Multilateral Cooperation and Competition Between Russia and China in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Issues and Prospects”, Pacific Focus, Vol.27, No.1, 2012, p.62-85.
3 Hard balancing focuses on the overall balance of power and seeks to assemble a countervailing coalition that will be strong enough to power in check. See Stephen M. Walt, Taming American Power: The Global Response to US Primacy, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2005, p.126.
4 T.V. Paul, “Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy”, International Security, Vol.30, No.1, 2005, p.47.
5 Chaka Ferguson, “The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing: The Normative Dimensions of the Chinese-Russian ‘Strategic Partnership”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol.35, No.2, 2012, p.208.
6 Walt, Taming American Power, p.126.
7 Robert A. Pape, “Soft Balancing Against the United States”, International Security, Vol.30, No.1, 2005, p.7-45.
8 Ferguson, “The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing”, p.208.
9 Gene Germanovich, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Threat to American Interests in Central Asia?” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol.6, No.1, 2008, p.22.
10 Remi Piet, “Russian and European Foreign Policy towards the Middle East: An Energy Security Analysis”, Roger. E. Kanet and Remi Piet (eds.), Shifting Priorities in Russia’s Foreign and Security Policy, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2014, p.182.
11 David Trilling, “Letter from Bishkek How Did Kurmanbek Bakiyev’s Presidency Fail?”, Foreign Affairs, 12 April 2010, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2010-04-12/letter-bishkek (Accessed on 12 February 2017).
12 Ferguson, “The Strategic Use of Soft Balancing”, p.212.
13 “Russia Cozies Up to Uzbekistan with $865 Million Debt Write- Off ”, The Moscow Times, 10 December 2014, https:// themoscowtimes.com/articles/russia-cozies-up-to-uzbekistan-with-865-million-debt-write-off-42158, (Accessed on 10 February 2015).
14 Stephen Blank, “Was the SCO Summit in Ufa a Breakthrough”, The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 21 August 2015, https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13261-was-the-sco-summit-in-ufa-abreakthrough?. html, (Accessed on 11 May 2016).
15 Michael A. Mcfaul, “Ukraine Imports Democracy: External Influences on the Orange Revolution”, International Security, Vol.32, No.2, 2007, p.45-83.
16 Yun and Park, “An Analysis of the Multilateral Cooperation”.
17 Michael Salter and Yin Yinan, “Analysing Regionalism Within International Law and Relations: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation as a Grossraum?”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol.13, No.4, 2014, p.819-877.
18 Stephen Blank and Younkyoo Kim, “Does Russo-Chinese Partnership Threaten America’s Interests in Asia?”, Orbis, Vol.60, No.1, 2016, p.112-127.
19 Joshua Kucera, “SCO starts first-ever military exercises in Kyrgyzstan”, Eurasianet.org, 19 September 2016. http://www. eurasianet.org/node/80566, (Accessed on 18 February 2017).
20 Richard Weitz, “SCO Military Drills Strengthen Russian-Chinese Regional Hegemony”, The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, 1 October 2014, http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13054-sco-military-drillsstrengthen- russian-chinese-regional-hegemony.html, (Accessed on 12 February 2016).
21 Paul Shwartz, “Russia’s Contribution to China’s Surface Warfare Capabilities: Feeding the Dragon”, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham-Boulder-New York-London, 2015, p.6.
22 Bates Gill, Rising Star: China’s New Security Diplomacy, Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2007, p.130-131.
23 Marcel de Haas, “War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move”, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Vol.29, No.3, 2016, p.378-406.
24 Weiqing Song, China’s Approach to Central Asia: The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Routledge, 2016, p.5.
25 Troy Sternberg, Ariell Ahearn and Fiona McConnell, “Central Asian ‘Characteristics’ on China’s New Silk road: The Role of Landscape ant the Politics of Infrastructure”, Land, Vol.6, No.3, 2017, p.1-16.
26 UN Comtrade Database, https://comtrade.un.org/ (Accessed on 2 January 2018).
27 Raffaello Pantucci, “Looking West: China and Central Asia”, China in Central Asia, 16 April 2015, http:// chinaincentralasia.com/2015/04/16/looking-west-china-and-central-asia/, (Accessed on 24 December 2017).
28 Aleksandra Jarosiewicz and Krzysztof Strachota, “China vs. Central Asia. The Achievements of the Past Two Decades”, OSW Studies, No.45, 2013, http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_45_cina_vs_asia_ang-net.pdf, p.68 (Accessed on 14 December 2017).
29 Wang Dong, “Is China Trying to Push the U.S. out of East Asia”, China Quarterly of International and Strategic Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 2015, p.59-84.
30 Ron Huisken, “Asia Pacific 2018: Intensifying Competition or Collective Management?”, Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, 2018, http://www.cscap.org/uploads/docs/CRSO/CSCAP2018WEB.pdf (Accessed on 20 January 2018).
31 Sternberg, Ahearn and McConnell, “Central Asian ‘Characteristics’ on China’s New Silk road”.
32 Pantuci, “Looking West: China and Central Asia”.
33 Ralph M. Wrobel, “China’s New Energy Geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia”, ASIEN, Vol.133, 2014, p.24-51.
34 Ainur Nogayeva, Orta Asya’da ABD, Rusya ve Çin Stratejik Denge Arayışları, USAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2013, p. 269.
35 John Roberts, “Russia’s Gas Challenge: the Consequences for China, Central Asia, Europe and the USA”, The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, Vol.9, No.2, 2016, p.8.
36 Dmitri Trenin, True partners? How Russia and China See Each Other, Centre for European Reform, London, 2012, p.23.
37 Andrew Collier, Arthur Peng and Abigail Collier, “Will China Bail Out Putin?”, The Diplomat, 14 March 2015, http:// www.thediplomat.com/2015/03/will-china-bail-out-putin, (Accessed on 19 December 2016).
38 Alexander Lukin, “Consolidation of Non-Western World during the Ukrainian Crisis: Russia and China, SCO and BRICS”, International Affairs, East View Press, http://www.eastviewpress.com/Journals/InternationalAffairs.aspx, p.35, (Accessed on 1 January 2017).
39 Alexander Lukin, “Russia, China and the Emerging Greater Eurasia”, Gilbert Rozman and Sergey Radchenko (eds.), International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, p.87-88.
40 Marc Lanteigne, “Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Diverging Security Interests and the ‘Crimea Effect’ ”, Gilbert Rozman and Sergey Radchenko (eds.), International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, p.121.
41 Weiqing Song, “Interests, Power and China’s Difficult Game in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.23, No.85, 2014, p.85-101.
42 David M. Finkelstein, “China’s National Military Strategy”, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/conf_ proceedings/CF145/CF145.chap7.pdf, p.118, (Accessed on 9 February 2017).
43 James D. J. Brown, “Towards an Anti-Japanese Territorial Front? Russia and the Senkaku/Diaoyu Dispute”, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol.67, No.6, 2015, p.893-915.
44 Check T. Foo, “The Diaoyu Islands, China-Japan Guan-xi and Nuclear War: Is There a Role for Thomas–Kilman Model?” Chinese Management Studies, Vol.7, No.1, 2013, p.12-35.
45 Blank and Kim, “Does Russo-Chinese Partnership Threaten America’s Interests in Asia?”, p.123.
46 Elizabeth Wishnick, “In Search of the ‘Other’ in Asia: Russia-China Relations Revisited”, The Pacific Review, Vol.30, No.1, 2017, p.114-132.
47 Pan Guang, “The Development of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: The Impact on China-U.S. Relations in Central Asia”, David B. H. Denoon, (ed.), China, The United States and the Future of Central Asia: U.S.-China Relations 1, NY, NYU Press, 2015, p.352.
48 Colin Mackerras, “Xinjiang in China’s Foreign Relations: Part of a New Silk Road or Central Asian Zone of Conflict?”, East Asia, Vol.32, No.1, 2015, p.25-42.
49 Zhang Hongzhou and Arthur Guschin, “China’s Silk Road Economic Belt: Geopolitical Challenges in Central Asia”, RSIS Commentary 99, 2015, p.1-3.
50 Timur Dadabaev, “Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Regional Identity Formation from the Perspective of the Central Asia States”, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.23, No.85, 2014, p.102-118.
51 Ibid, p.113.
52 Marlene Laruelle, “Factoring the Foreign States”, D. B. H. Denoon, (ed.), China, The United States and the Future of Central Asia U.S.-China Relations I, New York and London, New York University Press, 2015, p.75-98.

APA	KOCAMAZ S (2019). The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. , 127 - 141.
Chicago	KOCAMAZ Sinem ÜNALDILAR The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. (2019): 127 - 141.
MLA	KOCAMAZ Sinem ÜNALDILAR The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. , 2019, ss.127 - 141.
AMA	KOCAMAZ S The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. . 2019; 127 - 141.
Vancouver	KOCAMAZ S The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. . 2019; 127 - 141.
IEEE	KOCAMAZ S "The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." , ss.127 - 141, 2019.
ISNAD	KOCAMAZ, Sinem ÜNALDILAR. "The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization". (2019), 127-141.

APA	KOCAMAZ S (2019). The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16(61), 127 - 141.
Chicago	KOCAMAZ Sinem ÜNALDILAR The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararası İlişkiler 16, no.61 (2019): 127 - 141.
MLA	KOCAMAZ Sinem ÜNALDILAR The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol.16, no.61, 2019, ss.127 - 141.
AMA	KOCAMAZ S The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2019; 16(61): 127 - 141.
Vancouver	KOCAMAZ S The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2019; 16(61): 127 - 141.
IEEE	KOCAMAZ S "The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization." Uluslararası İlişkiler, 16, ss.127 - 141, 2019.
ISNAD	KOCAMAZ, Sinem ÜNALDILAR. "The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization". Uluslararası İlişkiler 16/61 (2019), 127-141.