Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 392 - 408 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.3906/yer-2007-11 İndeks Tarihi: 19-06-2022

Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method

Öz:
The resistivity method in geophysics is used to solve various geological and engineering problems. Recently, this nondestructive method has been used on trees to investigate possible infections within the trunks by scanning resistivity variations. In this study, the electrical resistivity method has been aimed to be applied on various trees in Istanbul, Turkey to test whether the method applies to trees via regular resistivity measurement devices used in geophysics. Firstly, a multi-channel resistivity device, that is designed to automatically take measurements on the ground, is modified to carry out the measurements on trees. The measured data are processed using two different approaches. The first approach is to prepare a program in MATLAB, which is capable of adapting measurement points into a circular profile via interpolation. The data processed with this program are then gridded to prepare resistivity contour slices. The detection and handling of faulty measurements are discussed briefly in this section. The second approach is to use an open-source electrical tomography program (BERT V2) to apply inversion to the collected resistivity data. Finally, all the results and conclusions are interpreted considering the resistivity distribution within tree trunks, including sample slices from two trees that are known to have defected beforehand. As a conclusion of our studies, we have found that a regular resistivity measurement device used in earth sciences is applicable to an extent on trees to investigate possible defects within their trunks.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Adler A, Lionheart WR (2006). Uses and abuses of EIDORS: an extensible software base for EIT. Physiological Measurement 27(5): S25.
  • Al Hagrey SA (2006). Electrical resistivity imaging of tree trunks. Near Surface Geophysics 4(12): 179-187. doi:10.3997/1873- 0604.2005043
  • Barry KM, Hall MF, Mohammed CL (2005). The effect of time and site on incidence and spread of pruning-related decay in plantation-grown Eucalyptus nitens. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35: 495–502.
  • Bayford RH(2006). Bioimpedance tomography (electrical impedance tomography). Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 8: 63-91.
  • Brazee NJ, Marra RE, Göcke L, Van Wassenaer P (2011). Nondestructive assessment of internal decay in three hardwood species of northeastern North America using sonic and electrical impedance tomography. Forestry 84(1): 33-39.
  • Cragg SM, Beckham GT, Bruce NC, Bugg TDH, Distel DL et al. (2015). Lignocellulose degradation mechanisms across the Tree of Life. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 29: 108– 119.
  • Cheng KS, Newell JC, Gisser DG (1989). Electrode models for electric current computed tomography. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 36: 918-924.
  • Dahlin T, Zhou B (2004). A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays. Geophysical Prospecting 52: 379–398.
  • De Donno G, Cardarelli E (2014). 3D complex resistivity tomography on cylindrical models using EIDORS. Near Surface Geophysics 12(5): 587-598.
  • Edwards LS (1977). A modified pseudosection for resistivity and IP. Geophysics 42: 1020-1036. doi: 10.1190/1.1440762
  • Evans PD (2008). Weathering and photoprotection of wood in development of commercial wood preservatives. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC, USA. pp. 69–117.
  • Goodell B, Winandy JE, Morrell JJ (2020). Fungal degradation of wood: Emerging data, new insights and changing perceptions. Coatings 10 (12): 1210. doi:10.3390/coatings10121210
  • Günther T, Rücker C, Spitzer K (2006). 3-D modeling and inversion of DC resistivity data incorporating topography - Part II: Inversion. Geophysical Journal International 166: 506-517. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03011.x
  • Habermehl A, Ridder HW (1996). Computer-Tomographie in der Forstwirtschaft und Baumpflege (Teil 1). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung-Zeitung (in German).
  • Hanskötter B (2003). Diagnose fakultativer Farbkerne an stehenderRotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) mittelselektrischer Widerstands-tomographie. PhD thesis, Georg-Augst-Universität Göttingen, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen (in German).
  • Highley TL, Kirk TK (1979). Mechanisms of wood decay and the unique features of heartrots. Phytopatholohy 69: 1151–1156.
  • Hon DNS, Feist WC (1986). Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces. Wood Science and Technology 20: 169–183.
  • Just A, Hahn G, Dudykevych, T, Hellige G, Hoffmann N et al. (2005). Elektrische Impedanztomographie für zylindrische Objekte - Anwendung in der Medizin und an Bäumen. 65. Jahrestagung der DGG, Graz. (in German).
  • Kirker G, Winandy JE (2014). Above ground deterioration of wood and wood–based materials. In Deterioration and Protection of Sustainable Biomaterials. American Chemical Society. Washington, DC, USA. pp. 114–129.
  • Lebow PK, Winandy JE (1999). Verification of the kinetics–based model for long–term effects of fire retardants on bending strength at elevated temperatures. Wood and Fiber Science 31: 49–61.
  • Martin T, Günther T (2013). Complex Resistivity Tomography (CRT) for fungus detection on standing oak trees. European Journal of Forest Research 132 (5-6): 765.
  • Musser E (1938). Die Bestimmung der HolzfeuchtigkeitdurchMessung des elektrischenWiderstandes. HolzalsRoh-und Werkstoff 1: 417-420 (in German) doi:10.1007/BF02605258
  • Nicolotti G, Socco L, Martinis R, Godio A, Sambuelli L (2003). Application and comparison of three tomographic techniques for detection of decay in trees. Journal of Arboriculture 29 (2): 66.
  • Polydorides N, Lionheart W (2002). A Matlab toolkit for three dimensional electrical impedance tomography: a contribution to the Electrical Impedance and Diffuse Optical Reconstruction Software project. Physiological Measurement 13: 1871–1883.
  • Riley R, Salamov AA, Brown DW, Nagy LG, Floudas D et al. (2014). Extensive sampling of basidiomycete genomes demonstrates inadequacy of the white-rot/brown-rot paradigm for wood decay fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA. 111: 9923–9928.
  • Rust S, Franz S, Minke M, Schumann I, Roloff A (2002). SchalltomographiezurErkennung von FäuleundHöhlungen an stehendenBäumen. Standt und Grün 51: 41-52 (in German).
  • Rücker C, Günther T (2011). The simulation of finite ERT electrodes using the complete electrode model. Geophysics 76 (4): 227– 238. doi: 10.1190/1.3581356
  • Rücker C, Günther T, Spitzer K (2006). 3-D modeling and inversion of DC resistivity data incorporating topography - Part I: Modeling. Geophysical Journal International 166: 495-505. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03010.x
  • Rücker C, Günther T, Wagner FM (2017). pyGIMLi: An opensource library for modelling and inversion in geophysics. Computers and Geosciences 109: 106-123. doi: 10.1016/j. cageo.2017.07.011
  • Sarode V, Chimurkar PM, Cheeran AN (2012). Electrical impedance tomography using EIDORS in a closed phantom. International Journal of Computer Applications 48(19): 975-888.
  • Savolainen T, Kaipio JP, Karjalainen PA, Vauhkonen M (1996). An electrical impedance tomography measurement system for experimental use. Review of Scientific Instruments 67(10): 3605-3609.
  • Shigo AL (1975). Biology of decay and wood quality. Liese W. (editor) Biological Transformation of Wood by Microorganisms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85778- 2_1
  • Shigo AL (1983). Tree defects: A photo guide. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-82. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 167p.
  • Shigo AL (1984). Compartmentalization: a conceptual framework for understanding how trees grow and defend themselves. Annual Review of Phytopathology 22: 189–214.
  • Shortle WC, Dudzik KR (2012). Wood decay in living and dead trees: A pictorial overview. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-97. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 26 p. doi:10.2737/NRS-GTR-97.
  • Smith KT (2006). Compartmentalization today. Arboricultural Journal 29: 173–184.
  • Srivastava S, Kumar R, Singh V (2013). Wood decaying fungi. Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. Editor: Cristina Sevenco. ISBN: 978-3-659-32637-0.
  • Terho M, Hantula J, Hallaksela AM (2007). Occurrence and decay patterns of common wood-decay fungi in hazardous trees felled in the Helsinki City. Forest Pathology 37: 420-432. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00518.x
  • Vauhkonen M, Lionheart WRB, Heikkinen LM, Vauhkonen PJ, Kaipio JP (2000). A MATLAB package for the EIDORS project to reconstruct two-dimensional EIT images Physiological Measurement 22: 107–111.
  • Wang H, Guan H, Guyot A, Simmons CT, Lockington DA (2016). Quantifying sapwood width for three Australian native species using electrical resistivity tomography. Ecohydrology 9(1): 83- 92.
APA İşseven T, Yılmaz Y, Aydın N (2021). Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. , 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
Chicago İşseven Turgay,Yılmaz Yiğit,Aydın Nedim Gökhan Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. (2021): 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
MLA İşseven Turgay,Yılmaz Yiğit,Aydın Nedim Gökhan Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. , 2021, ss.392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
AMA İşseven T,Yılmaz Y,Aydın N Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. . 2021; 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
Vancouver İşseven T,Yılmaz Y,Aydın N Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. . 2021; 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
IEEE İşseven T,Yılmaz Y,Aydın N "Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method." , ss.392 - 408, 2021. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
ISNAD İşseven, Turgay vd. "Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method". (2021), 392-408. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2007-11
APA İşseven T, Yılmaz Y, Aydın N (2021). Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(3), 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
Chicago İşseven Turgay,Yılmaz Yiğit,Aydın Nedim Gökhan Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no.3 (2021): 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
MLA İşseven Turgay,Yılmaz Yiğit,Aydın Nedim Gökhan Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.30, no.3, 2021, ss.392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
AMA İşseven T,Yılmaz Y,Aydın N Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2021; 30(3): 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
Vancouver İşseven T,Yılmaz Y,Aydın N Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2021; 30(3): 392 - 408. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
IEEE İşseven T,Yılmaz Y,Aydın N "Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, ss.392 - 408, 2021. 10.3906/yer-2007-11
ISNAD İşseven, Turgay vd. "Investigation of defective trees using electric resistivity method". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30/3 (2021), 392-408. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2007-11