Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 30 Sayı: Özel sayı 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 758 - 778 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.3906/yer-2101-9 İndeks Tarihi: 20-06-2022
Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake
Öz: The October 30, 2020 Samos earthquake (Mw 6.6) affected the Aegean Sea and environs, caused destruction and loss of
life in the city of İzmir located 70 km away from the earthquake epicenter. Before this earthquake, water resources were monitored in
the areas of Bayraklı, Gülbahçe, and Seferihisar. For this purpose, 10 groundwater monitoring wells were drilled in the Bayraklı area,
where groundwater level, temperature, and electrical conductivity changes were monitored at 1-h intervals in 5 wells. Besides physical
parameters such as groundwater levels, temperatures and electrical conductivities, hydrogeochemical cations, and anions measured
in the study area. Change in the groundwater levels was observed before, during, and after the Samos earthquake. A trend of rising
groundwater level was observed two days before the mainshock, to a height of 10 cm, and the level was maintained till the end of the
earthquake. The water levels returned to its original height after about 7 to 10 days of the earthquake. Moreover, electrical conductivity
(EC) values were changed because of the interaction with the surrounding rocks and well walls, mixing with different waters during the
earthquake shaking. The essential anomalies were observed in the geothermal fields of Gülbahçe and Seferihisar. Due to this earthquake,
new geothermal springs emerged along the NE-SW trending Gülbahçe and Tuzla faults, located about 50 to 20 km from the Samos
earthquake epicenter, respectively. The new geothermal waters are in Na-Cl composition and similar to other geothermal springs in
the region. While the recorded water temperatures in the new geothermal springs vary from 40 to 45 °C in Seferihisar, it was measured
between 35 and 40 °C in Gülbahçe. Due to these anomalies, it is found essential to monitor the effect of the earthquake on the physical
and chemical characteristics of the groundwater and its usefulness in earthquake predictions.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Akar TA (2012). Modelling of fluid flow in Seferihisar and Balçova geothermal fields and surrounding aquifers. PhD, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Department of Geological Engineering, Department of Applied Geology, İzmir, Turkey (in Turkish).
- Amoruso A, Crescentini L, Petitta M, Rusi S, Tallini M (2011). Impact of the April 6 2009 L’Aquila earthquake on groundwater flow in the Gran Sasso carbonate aquifer, Central Italy. Hydrological Processes 25 (11): 1754–1764. doi: 10.1002/hyp.7933
- Baba A (2011). Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical modeling of the geothermal resources in and around Gülbahçe. Scientific research project (IYTE BAP), IYTE21 (in Turkish).
- Baba A (2013). Gülbahçe Geothermal Resource Development Project. İzmir Development Agency Project (İZKA), TR31/12/ DFD01/0015 (in Turkish).
- Baba A, Yazdani H (2017). Effect of urbanization on groundwater resources of İzmir City. In: 4th International Water Congress, 2-4 November 2017; İzmir-Turkey.
- Barberio MD, Barbieri M, Billi A, Doglioni C, Petitta M (2017). Hydrogeochemical changes before and during the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia seismic sequence (Central Italy). Scientific Reports 7 (1): 11735. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11990-8
- Bozkurt E (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey – a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta 14: 3–30.
- Bredehoeft JD (1967). Response of well-aquifer systems to Earth tides. Journal of Geophysical Research 72: 3075–3087.
- Brodsky EE, Roeloffs E, Woodcock E, Gall I, Manga M, (2003). A mechanism for sustained groundwater pressure changes induced by distant earthquakes. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 2390. doi: 10.1029/2002JB002321
- Bulut M (2013). A new medium to high enthalpy geothermal field in Aegean region (Akyar Menderes- Seferihisar-İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey. Bulletin of MTA 147: 153-167.
- Charmoille A, Fabbri O, Mudry J, Guglielmi Y, Bertrand C (2005). Post-seismic permeability change in a shallow fractured aquifer following a ML 5.1 earthquake (Fourbanne karst aquifer, Jura outermost thrust unit, eastern France). Geophysical Research Letters 32 (L18406). doi: 10.1029/2005GL023859
- Chatzipetros A, Kiratzi A, Sboras S, Zouros N, Pavlides S (2013). Active faulting in the north-eastern Aegean Sea Islands. Tectonophysics 597-598: 106-122.
- Chen C, Wang C, Wen S, Yeh T, Lin C et al. (2013). Anomalous frequency characteristics of groundwater level before major earthquakes in Taiwan. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17 (5): 1693–1703.
- Chia Y, Wang YS, Chiu JJ, Liu CW (2001). Changes of groundwater level due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in the Choshui River Alluvial Fan in Taiwan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91: 1062–1068.
- Chiodini G, Cardellini C, Amato A, Boschi E, Caliro S et al. (2004). Carbon dioxide Earth degassing and seismogenesis in central and southern Italy. Geophysical Research Letters 31 (L07615). doi: 10.1029/2004GL019480
- Ciarletti M, Plastino W, Peresan A, Nisi S, Copia L et al. (2016). Uranium groundwater monitoring and seismic analysis: A case study of the Gran Sasso Hydrogeological Basin, Italy. Pure and Applied Geophysics 173 (4): 1079–1095. doi: 10.1007/s00024- 015-1152-4
- Claesson L, Skelton A, Graham C, Dietl C, Mörth M et al. (2004). Hydrogeochemical changes before and after a major earthquake. Geology 32 (8): 641–644. doi: 10.1130/G20542.1
- Cooper Jr HH, Bredehoeft JD, Papadopulos IS, Bennett RR (1965). The response of well-aquifer systems to seismic waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 70: 3915–3926.
- Cotecchia V, Salvemini A, Ventrella NA (1990). Interpretazione degli abbassamenti territoriali indotti dal terremoto del 23 Novembre 1980 e correlazioni con i danni osservati su talune strutture ingegneristiche dell’Area epicentrale irpina. Rivista Italiana Di Geotecnica 24 (4): 145–158 (in Italian).
- Emre Ö, Barka A (2000). Active faults between the Gediz graben and the Aegean Sea (İzmir region). In: Seismicity of Western Anatolia Symposium (BADSEM 2000), Proceedings Book; İzmir, Turkey. pp. 131-132.
- Emre Ö, Özalp S, Doğan A, Özaksoy V, Yıldırım C et al. (2005). Active faults and earthquake potentials of İzmir. MTA Reports 107: 80 (in Turkish).
- Emre Ö, Duman TY, Özalp S, Elmacı H, Olgun Ş et al. (2013). Active Fault Map of Turkey with an Explanatory Text, 1:1.250.000 scale. Ankara-Turkey: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series-30.
- Erdoğan B (1990). Stratigraphic features and tectonic evolution of the İzmir-Ankara Zone in the region between İzmir and Seferihisar. Turkish Petroleum Geologists Association (TPJD) Bulletin 2: 1–20 (in Turkish).
- Eşder T, Şimşek Ş (1975). Geology of İzmir-Seferihisar Geothermal area, Western Anatolia of Turkey; Determination of reservoirs by means of gradient drilling. In: Second United Nations Symposium the Development and Use of geothermal resources; San Francisco, California, USA, 20-29 May 1975.
- Eşder T (1990). The crust structure convection mechanism of geothermal fluids in Seferihisar Geothermal area. International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region; İzmir, Turkey 1: 135-147.
- Falcone RA, Carucci V, Falgiani A, Manetta M, Parisse B et al. (2012). Changes on groundwater flow and hydrochemistry of the Gran Sasso carbonate aquifer after 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Italian Journal of Geosciences 131 (3): 459–474. doi: 10.3301/ IJG.2011.34
- Favara R, Italiano F, Martinelli G (2001). Earthquake-induced chemical changes in the thermal waters of the Umbria region during the 1997–1998 seismic swarm. Terra Nova 13 (3): 227– 233. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00347.x
- Galassi DM, Lombardo P, Fiasca B, Di Cioccio A, Di Lorenzo T et al. (2014). Earthquakes trigger the loss of groundwater biodiversity. Scientific Reports 4 (1): 6273. doi: 10.1038/ srep06273
- Ganas A, Elias P, Briole P, Tsironi V, Valkaniotis S et al. (2020). Fault responsible for Samos earthquake identified. Temblor. doi: 10.32858/temblor.134.
- Gejl RN, Rygaard M, Henriksen HJ, Rasmussen J, Bjerg PL (2019). Understanding the impacts of groundwater abstraction through long-term trends in water quality. Water Research 156: 241–251.
- He A, Singh RP (2019). Groundwater level response to the Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 10 (1): 336–352. doi: 10.1080/ 19475705.2018.1523236.
- Hsu S (1998). Plan for a groundwater monitoring network in Taiwan. Hydrogeology Journal 6 (3): 405–415.
- Igarashi G, Saeki S, Takahata N, Sumikawa K, Tasaka S et al. (1995). Groundwater radon anomaly before the Kobe earthquake in Japan. Science (New York, N.Y.) 269 (5220): 60–61. doi: 10.1126/science.269.5220.60
- Italiano F, Martinelli G, Rizzo A (2004). Geochemical evidence of seismogenic-induced anomalies in the dissolved gases of thermal waters: A case study of Umbria (Central Apennines, Italy) both during and after the 1997–1998 seismic swarm. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 5 (Q11001). doi: 10.1029/2004GC000720
- İzmir Jeotermal A.Ş. (2008). Report on the geochemical evaluation of the Seferihisar geothermal field, İzmir, Turkey (in Turkish).
- Jones A (1939). Ancient Smyrna-Cecil John Cadoux: Ancient Smyrna. A history of the city from the earliest times to 324 A.D. Pp. xlv-f-438; 9 plates 3 maps. Oxford: Blackwell, 1938. Cloth, 25s. The Classical Review 53 (1): 27-28. doi: 10.1017/ S0009840X00088417
- Kaown D, Koh D, Kim H, Koh HJ, Kim J et al. (2019). Evaluating the responses of alluvial and bedrock aquifers to earthquakes (ML 5.1 and ML 5.8) using hydrological and environmental tracer data. Hydrogeology Journal 27 (6): 2011–2025.
- Kaya MN (2019). Hydrogeochemical investigation of thermal and mineral waters of İzmir-Ilıkpınar. Master of Science, Department of Geological (Hydrogeological) Engineering, Hacettepe University (in Turkish).
- Kim J, Lee J, Petitta M, Kim H, Kaown D et al. (2019). Groundwater system responses to the 2016 ML 5.8 Gyeongju earthquake, South Korea. Journal of Hydrology 576: 150–163.
- Kitagawa Y, Koizumi N, Takahashi M, Matsumoto N, Sato T (2006). Changes in groundwater levels or pressures associated with the 2004 earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra (M 9.0). Earth, Planets and Space 58 (2): 173–179.
- Koizumi N (2013). Earthquake prediction research based on observation of groundwater. Synthesiology 6: 27–37.
- La Vigna F, Carucci V, Mariani I, Minelli L, Pascale F et al. (2012). Intermediate-field hydrogeological response induced by L’Aquila earthquake: The Acque Albule hydrothermal system (Central Italy). Italian Journal of Geosciences 131 (3): 475–485. doi.org: 10.3301/IJG.2012.05.
- Lee HA, Woo NC (2012). Influence of the M 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake on groundwater in Korea. Journal of Geosciences 16 (1): 1–6.
- Lee S, Ha K, Hamm S, Ko K (2013). Groundwater responses to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake on Jeju Island, Korea. Hydrological Processes 27 (8): 1147–1157.
- Lee JM, Woo NC, Koh DC, Kim KY, Ko KS (2020). Assessing aquifer responses to earthquakes using temporal variations in groundwater monitoring data in alluvial and sedimentary bedrock aquifers. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 11 (1): 742–765. doi: 10.1080/19475705.2020.1751310
- Liu CY, Chia Y, Chuang PY, Chiu YC, Tseng TL (2018). Impacts of hydrogeological characteristics on groundwater-level changes induced by earthquakes. Hydrogeology Journal 26 (2): 451– 465.
- Little KE, Hayashi M, Liang S (2016). Community-Based Groundwater Monitoring Network Using a Citizen-Science Approach. Groundwater 54 (3): 317–324.
- Manga M, Wang CY (2007). Earthquake hydrology. In: Schubert G, (Editor). Treatise on Geophysics. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 293–320.
- Manga M, Wang CY (2015). 4.12. Earthquake hydrology. In Treatise on geophysics (2nd). Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 305–328. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00082-8
- Özgür N, Pala EA, Degirmenci S (2017). Hydrogeological, Hydrogeochemical and Isotope Geochemical Features of the Geothermal Waters in Seferihisar and Environs, Western Anatolia, Turkey. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 95, 022039.
- Pasvanoglu S, Canik B, Rosen MR (2004). Hydrogeology and possible effects of the Mw 7.4 Marmara Earthquake (August 17, 1999) on the Spring Waters in the Orhangazi-Bursa Area, Turkey. Geological Society of India 63 (3): 313–322.
- Pavlides S, Tsapanos T, Zouros N, Sboras S, Koravos G et al. (2009). Using Active Fault Data for Assessing Seismic Hazard: A Case Study from NE Aegean Sea, Greece. In: Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering Satellite Conference XVIIth International Conference on Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical Engineering 2-3.10.2009; Alexandria, Egypt.
- Petitta M, Primavera P, Tuccimei P, Aravena R (2011). Interaction between deep and shallow groundwater systems in areas affected by Quaternary tectonics (Central Italy): A geochemical and isotope approach. Environmental Earth Sciences 63 (1): 11–30. doi: 10.1007/s12665-010-0663-7
- Petitta M, Mastrorillo L, Preziosi E, Banzato F, Barberio MD et al. (2018). Water-table and discharge changes associated with the 2016–2017 seismic sequence in central Italy: Hydrogeological data and a conceptual model for fractured carbonate aquifers. Hydrogeology Journal 26: 1009–1026. doi: 10.1007/s10040- 017-1717-7
- Poitrasson F, Dundas SH, Toutain JP, Munoz M, Rigo A (1999). Earthquake-related elemental and isotopic lead anomaly in a spring water. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 169 (3-4): 269–276. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00085-0
- Reddy DV, Nagabhushanam P, Sukhija BS (2011). Earthquake (M 5.1) induced hydrogeochemical and δ18O changes: Validation of aquifer breaching—Mixing model in Koyna, India. Geophysical Journal International 184 (1): 359–370. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04838.x
- Roeloffs EA (1988). Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes: a review. Pure and Applied Geophysics 126: 177–206.
- Roeloffs EA, Nelms DL, Sheets A, Cunningham WL, Kozar M et al. (2011). Groundwater-level changes caused by strain and seismic shaking from the August 23, 2011 Mw 5.8 Virginia earthquake. In: 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 5–9 Dec.
- Rojstaczer S, Wolf S (1992). Permeability changes associated with large earthquakes: an example from Loma Prieta, California, 10/17/89 Earthquake. Geology 20: 211–214.
- Rosen MR, Binda G, Archer C, Pozzi A, Michetti AM et al. (2018). Mechanisms of earthquake-induced chemical and fluid transport to carbonate groundwater springs after earthquakes. Water Resources Research 54: 5225–5244. doi: 10.1029/2017WR022097
- Rutter HK, Cox SC, Ward NFD, Weir JJ (2016). Aquifer permeability change caused by a nearfield earthquake, Canterbury, New Zealand. Water Resources Research 52 (11): 8861–8878.
- Senthilkumar M, Gnanasundar D, Mohapatra B, Jain A, Nagar A et al. (2020). Earthquake prediction from high-frequency groundwater level data: A case study from Gujarat, India. HydroResearch 3: 118–123.
- Shi Z, Wang G (2014). Hydrological response to multiple large distant earthquakes in the Mile well, China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 119 (11): 2448–2459.
- Shi Z, Wang G, Manga M, Wang Y (2015). Continental-scale waterlevel response to a large earthquake. Geofluids 15 (1-2): 310– 320.
- Shih DS (2018). Storage in confined aquifer: spectral analysis of groundwater in responses to Earth tides and barometric effect. Hydrological Processes 32 (12): 1927–1935.
- Skelton A, Claesson L, Chakrapani G, Mahanta C, Routh J et al. (2008). Coupling between seismic activity and hydrogeochemistry at the Shillong Plateau, Northeastern India. Pure Applied Geophysics 165 (1): 45–61. doi: 10.1007/s00024-007-0288-2
- Skelton A, Andrén M, Kristmannsdóttir H, Stockmann G, Mörth CM et al. (2014). Changes in groundwater chemistry before two consecutive earthquakes in Iceland. Nature Geoscience 7 (10): 752–756. doi:10.1038/ngeo2250
- Sneed M, Galloway DL, Cunningham WL (2003). EarthquakesRattling the Earth’s Plumbing System. Fact Sheet: 096-03. doi: 10.3133/fs09603.
- Sun X, Xiang Y, Shi Z, Hu X, Zhang H (2019). Sensitivity of the response of well-aquifer systems to different periodic loadings: A comparison of two wells in Huize, China. Journal of Hydrology 572: 121–130.
- Sözbilir H, Sümer Ö, Uzel B, Ersoy Y, Erkül F et al. (2009). 17-20 October 2005-Seismic geomorphology of the Sığacık Bay (İzmir) earthquakes and their relationship with the stress areas in the region, Western Anatolia. Geology Bulletin of Turkey 51 (2): 217–238 (in Turkish).
- Sözbilir H, Softa M, Eski S, Tepe Ç, Akgün M et al. (2020). Dokuz Eylül University Earthquake Research and Application Center (DAUM), 30 October 2020 Samos (Samos) Earthquake (MW 6.9) Assessment Report, November 2020 (in Turkish).
- Tarcan G (2001). Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry of the Gülbahçe Bay Hydrothermal Karst System, İzmir, Turkey. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium and Field Seminar on “Present State and Future Trends of Karst Studies” 17-26 Sept.2000; Marmaris-Turkey. Günay, Ford, Johnson & Johnson (Editors), International Hydrological ProgrammeUNESCO, pp. 515-524.
- Uzel B, Sözbilir H (2008). A first record of strike-slip basin in western Anatolia and its tectonic implication: The Cumaovası basin as an example. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 559–591.
- Uzel B, Sözbilir H, Özkaymak Ç (2012). Neotectonic evolution of an actively growing superimposed Basin in Western Anatolia: The Inner Bay of İzmir, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21: 439-471.
- Uzelli T, Baba A, Mungan GG, Dirik RK, Sözbilir H (2017). Conceptual model of the Gülbahçe geothermal system, Western Anatolia, Turkey: Based on structural and hydrogeochemical data. Geothermics 68: 67-85. doi: 10.1016/j. geothermics.2017.03.003.
- Van Duijvenboodem W, Taat J, Gast L (1993). Groundwater quality monitoring in the Netherlands. In: Alley WM (Editor). Regional Groundwater Quality. New York (NY): Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 515–535.
- Wang CY, Cheng LH, Chin CV, Yu SB (2001). Coseismic hydrologic response of an alluvial fan to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan. Geology 29 (9): 831–834.
- Woith H, Wang R, Maiwald U, Pekdeger A, Zschau J (2013). On the origin of geochemical anomalies in groundwaters induced by the Adana 1998 earthquake. Chemical Geology 339: 177–186. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.10.012
- Worden CB, Gerstenberger MC, Rhoades DA, Wald DJ (2012). Probabilistic relationships between ground-motion parameters and modified Mercalli intensity in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 102: 204-221.
- Yan R, Wang G, Shi Z (2016). Sensitivity of hydraulic properties to dynamic strain within a fault damage zone. Journal of Hydrology 543: 721–728.
- Yun S, Hamm S, Cheong J, Lee C, Seo W et al. (2019). Analyzing groundwater level anomalies in a fault zone in Korea caused by local and offshore earthquakes. Geosciences Journal 23 (1): 137–148
| APA | UZELLI T, Bilgiç E, Öztürk B, BABA A, Sözbilir H, Tatar O (2021). Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. , 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| Chicago | UZELLI TAYGUN,Bilgiç Esra,Öztürk Bahadır,BABA ALPER,Sözbilir Hasan,Tatar Orhan Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. (2021): 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| MLA | UZELLI TAYGUN,Bilgiç Esra,Öztürk Bahadır,BABA ALPER,Sözbilir Hasan,Tatar Orhan Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. , 2021, ss.758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| AMA | UZELLI T,Bilgiç E,Öztürk B,BABA A,Sözbilir H,Tatar O Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. . 2021; 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| Vancouver | UZELLI T,Bilgiç E,Öztürk B,BABA A,Sözbilir H,Tatar O Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. . 2021; 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| IEEE | UZELLI T,Bilgiç E,Öztürk B,BABA A,Sözbilir H,Tatar O "Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake." , ss.758 - 778, 2021. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| ISNAD | UZELLI, TAYGUN vd. "Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake". (2021), 758-778. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| APA | UZELLI T, Bilgiç E, Öztürk B, BABA A, Sözbilir H, Tatar O (2021). Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(Özel sayı 1), 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| Chicago | UZELLI TAYGUN,Bilgiç Esra,Öztürk Bahadır,BABA ALPER,Sözbilir Hasan,Tatar Orhan Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no.Özel sayı 1 (2021): 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| MLA | UZELLI TAYGUN,Bilgiç Esra,Öztürk Bahadır,BABA ALPER,Sözbilir Hasan,Tatar Orhan Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.30, no.Özel sayı 1, 2021, ss.758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| AMA | UZELLI T,Bilgiç E,Öztürk B,BABA A,Sözbilir H,Tatar O Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2021; 30(Özel sayı 1): 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| Vancouver | UZELLI T,Bilgiç E,Öztürk B,BABA A,Sözbilir H,Tatar O Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2021; 30(Özel sayı 1): 758 - 778. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| IEEE | UZELLI T,Bilgiç E,Öztürk B,BABA A,Sözbilir H,Tatar O "Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, ss.758 - 778, 2021. 10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
| ISNAD | UZELLI, TAYGUN vd. "Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020 Samos Earthquake". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 30/Özel sayı 1 (2021), 758-778. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2101-9 |
