Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 678 - 694 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.3906/elk-2105-100 İndeks Tarihi: 01-07-2022

Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system

Öz:
The importance of using clean energy in electrical energy generation and transportation network planning has recently increased due to carbon footprint rising. In this direction, the use of electric vehicles (EV), known as ultra-low carbon emission vehicles, has become widespread in addition to renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generations. The trend of EVs to be preferred the primary means of transport has revealed the effects of charging an additional load on the grid. There is a need to create coordinated charging methods by considering the approaches for real-time charging models of EVs. In this paper, SOC-based EV coordinated charging was proposed for power management to prevent adverse effects including transformer overload, instantaneous peak loading and line overload in the existing distribution network. The proposed coordinated EV charging method was tested on the modified Roy Billinton test system (RBTS) Bus 2 network. AC 11 kW uncoordinated charging units have been respectively 123.76% distribution transformer and 115.16% distribution line overloading for 500 EVs on the grid with 13,9% diversity factor. However, these values that are 72.05% of distribution transformer and 67.01% of distribution grid overloading according to permittable level were decreased by the proposed coordinated charging method. Also, the state of charge (SOC) based coordinated method can increase 3.5% rate the diversity factor of charging capacity at the charging station with PV and battery energy system (BES) while ensured grid stability and energy efficiency.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • [1] Li C, Cao Y, Kuang Y, Zhou B. Influences of Electric Vehicles on Power System and Key Technologies of Vehicleto-Grid. Beijing, China: Springer, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49364-9
  • [2] Das HS, Rahman MM, Li S, Tan CW. Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 2020; 120. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109618
  • [3] Xiang W, Kunz T, St-Hilaire M. Controlling electric vehicle charging in the smart grid. 2014 IEEE World Forum Internet Things; Seoul, South Korea; 2014. pp. 341-346. doi:10.1109/WF-IoT.2014.6803185
  • [4] Martirano L, Parise G, Greco G, Manganelli M, Massarella F et al. Aggregation of users in a residential/commercial building managed by a Building Energy Management System (BEMS). IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2019; 55 (1): 26-34. doi:10.1109/TIA.2018.2866155
  • [5] Zheng Y, Niu S, Shang Y, Shao Z, Jian L. Integrating plug-in electric vehicles into power grids: A comprehensive review on power interaction mode, scheduling methodology and mathematical foundation. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019; 112: 424-439. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.059
  • [6] Feshki HF. Improving voltage unbalance of low-voltage distribution networks using plug-in electric vehicles Customer Point of Connection. Journal of Cleaner Production 2017; 148: 336-346. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.178
  • [7] Monteiro V, Sousa TJC, Couto C, Martins JS, Melendez AAN et al. A Novel Multi-Objective Off-Board EV Charging Station for Smart Homes.44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society;Washington, DC, USA; 2018: pp. 1983-1988. . doi:10.1109/IECON.2018.8591325
  • [8] Xianjun R, Iru R, Xudong W, Ling J, Jian M. A coordination frequency control strategy for electric vehicles and air conditioners based on the load assessment index. 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies; Changsha, China; 2015: pp. 161-165. doi:10.1109/DRPT.2015.7432219
  • [9] Rajabi M, Esmaili M. Optimal charging of plug-in electric vehicles observing power grid constraints. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2014; 8 (4): 583-590. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0628
  • [10] Li J, Li C, Xu Y, Dong ZY, Wong KP et al. Noncooperative Game-Based Distributed Charging Control for Plug-In Electric Vehicles in Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2018; 14 (1): 301-310. doi:10.1109/TII.2016.2632761
  • [11] Wei Z, Zhao M, Liao W, Cheng S, Li Z. Dynamic price optimization strategy for charging power station with electric vehicles. 4th International Conference on Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid; Yichang, China; 2019. pp. 358-361. doi:10.1109/IGBSG.2019.8886260
  • [12] Zhang W, Dreise C, Shao R, Chang L. An improved minimum-cost charging schedule for large-scale penetration of electric vehicles. 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition; San Antonio TX, USA; 2018. pp. 3411-3417. . doi:10.1109/APEC.2018.8341593
  • [13] Rawat T, Niazi KR. Coordinated Charging of Electric Vehicles for Reducing Operation Cost under TOU Electricity Prices. 2018 20th National Power Systems Conference;Tiruchirappalli, India; 2018. pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/NPSC.2018.8771729
  • [14] Ardakanian O, Rosenberg C, Keshav S. Real-time distributed congestion control for electrical vehicle charging. ACM Sigmetrics Performance Evaluation Review 2012; 40 (3): 38-42. doi:10.1145/2425248.2425257
  • [15] Sengor I, Erenoglu AK, Erdinc O, Tascikaraoglu A, Catalao JPS. Optimal coordination of EV charging through aggregators under peak load limitation based DR considering stochasticity. 2018 International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and Technologies; Seville, Spain; 2018; pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/SEST.2018.8495696
  • [16] Chang F, Huang M, Zhang W, Bao Y, Sun B. A coordinated charging strategy for PV-Assisted charging station of electric vehicles based on charging service price. 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific, ITEC Asia-Pacific 2017; Harbin, China; 2017. pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/ITEC-AP.2017.8080849
  • [17] Corchero C, González-Villafranca S, Sanmartí M. European electric vehicle fleet: Driving and charging data analysis. 2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference; Florence, Italy; 2014: pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/IEVC.2014.7056144
  • [18] Wolbertus R, van den Hoed R, Maase S. Benchmarking charging infrastructure utilization. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2016; 8 (4): 748-765. doi:10.3390/wevj8040754
  • [19] Hildermeier J, Kolokathis C, Rosenow J, Hogan M, Wiese C, Jahn A. Smart EV charging: A global review of promising practices. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2019; 10 (4): 1-13. doi:10.3390/wevj10040080
  • [20] Sengor I, Erdinc O, Yener B, Tascikaraoglu A, Catalao JPS. Optimal energy management of EV parking lots under peak load reduction based DR programs considering uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2019; 10 (3): 1034-1043. doi:10.1109/TSTE.2018.2859186
  • [21] Jiang W, Zhen Y. A Real-Time EV Charging Scheduling for Parking Lots with PV System and Energy Store System. IEEE Access 2019; 7: 86184-86193. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2925559
  • [22] Suresh V, Janik P, Guerrero JM, Leonowicz Z, Sikorski T. Microgrid Energy Management System with Embedded Deep Learning Forecaster and Combined Optimizer. IEEE Access 2020; 8: 202225-202239. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3036131
  • [23] Calearo L, Thingvad A, Suzuki K, Marinelli M. Grid Loading Due to EV Charging Profiles Based on Pseudo-Real Driving Pattern and User Behavior. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification 2019; 5 (3): 683-694. doi:10.1109/TTE.2019.2921854
  • [24] Franco F Lo, Ricco M, Mandrioli R, Grandi G. Electric vehicle aggregate power flow prediction and smart charging system for distributed renewable energy self-consumption optimization. Energies 2020; 13 (19). doi:10.3390/en13195003
  • [25] Cicek A, Erdinc O. Risk-averse optimal bidding strategy for a wind energy portfolio manager including EV parking lots for imbalance mitigation. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering Computer Sciences 2021;29 (2):481-498. doi:10.3906/elk-2102-51
  • [26] Electric Vehicle Database, EV Database. (2021). https://ev-database.org/ (accessed May 6, 2021).
  • [27] U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. National Household Travel Survey; U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 2009
  • [28] Temiz A. Assessment of impacts of electric vehicles on low voltage distribution networks in Turkey. MSc, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2015.
  • [29] He T, Zhu J, Zhang J, Zheng L. An optimal charging/discharging strategy for smart electrical car parks. Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering 2018; 4 (2): 28-35. doi:10.23919/cjee.2018.8409347
  • [30] Frendo O, Graf J, Gaertner N, Stuckenschmidt H. Data-driven smart charging for heterogeneous electric vehicle fleets. Energy and AI 2020; 1: 100007. doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2020.100007
  • [31] Kisacikoglu MC, Erden F, Erdogan N. Distributed Control of PEV Charging Based on Energy Demand Forecast. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2018; 14 (1): 332-341. doi:10.1109/TII.2017.2705075
  • [32] Said D, Mouftah HT. A Novel Electric Vehicles Charging/Discharging Management Protocol Based on Queuing Model. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 2020; 5 (1): 100-111. doi:10.1109/TIV.2019.2955370
  • [33] Deb S, Goswami AK, Harsh P, Sahoo JP, Chetri RL et al. Charging Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle for Congestion Management in Distribution System Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2020; 56 (5): 5452-5462. doi:10.1109/TIA.2020.3010897
  • [34] Güner S, Kır S. The Fuzzy-based Smart Charging Management System for an Electric Vehicle Parking Lot Including a Roof-Top PV System. Muğla Journal of Science and Technology 2020: 18-24. doi:10.22531/muglajsci.684822
  • [35] Zheng Y, Shao Z, Zhang Y, Jian L. A systematic methodology for mid-and-long term electric vehicle charging load forecasting: The case study of Shenzhen, China. Sustainable Cities and Society 2020; 56: 102084. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102084
  • [36] Yong JY, Ramachandaramurthy VK, Tan KM, Selvaraj J. Experimental Validation of a Three-Phase Off-Board Electric Vehicle Charger with New Power Grid Voltage Control. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2018; 9 (4): 2703-2713. doi:10.1109/TSG.2016.2617400
  • [37] Saele H, Petersen I. Electric vehicles in Norway and the potential for demand response. 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference; Glasgow, UK; 2018: pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/UPEC.2018.8541926
  • [38] Erdinc O, Tascikaraoglu A, Paterakis NG, Dursun I, Sinim MC et al. Comprehensive Optimization Model for Sizing and Siting of DG Units, EV Charging Stations, and Energy Storage Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2018; 9 (4): 3871-3882. doi:10.1109/TSG.2017.2777738
  • [39] Dokur E. Swarm Decomposition Technique Based Hybrid Model for Very Short-Term Solar PV Power Generation Forecast. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika. 2020; 26 (3): 79-83. doi:10.5755/j01.eie.26.3.25898
  • [40] Rodríguez F, Genn M, Fontán L, Galarza A. Very short-term temperature forecaster using MLP and N-nearest stations for calculating key control parameters in solar photovoltaic generation. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2021;45. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101085
  • [41] Chen S, Wang J, Zhang H. A hybrid PSO-SVM model based on clustering algorithm for short-term atmospheric pollutant concentration forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 2019; 146: 41-54. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.015
APA AKIL M, Dokur E, Bayindir R (2022). Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. , 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
Chicago AKIL MURAT,Dokur Emrah,Bayindir Ramazan Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. (2022): 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
MLA AKIL MURAT,Dokur Emrah,Bayindir Ramazan Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. , 2022, ss.678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
AMA AKIL M,Dokur E,Bayindir R Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. . 2022; 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
Vancouver AKIL M,Dokur E,Bayindir R Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. . 2022; 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
IEEE AKIL M,Dokur E,Bayindir R "Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system." , ss.678 - 694, 2022. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
ISNAD AKIL, MURAT vd. "Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system". (2022), 678-694. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-2105-100
APA AKIL M, Dokur E, Bayindir R (2022). Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 30(3), 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
Chicago AKIL MURAT,Dokur Emrah,Bayindir Ramazan Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences 30, no.3 (2022): 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
MLA AKIL MURAT,Dokur Emrah,Bayindir Ramazan Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, vol.30, no.3, 2022, ss.678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
AMA AKIL M,Dokur E,Bayindir R Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. 2022; 30(3): 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
Vancouver AKIL M,Dokur E,Bayindir R Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences. 2022; 30(3): 678 - 694. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
IEEE AKIL M,Dokur E,Bayindir R "Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system." Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 30, ss.678 - 694, 2022. 10.3906/elk-2105-100
ISNAD AKIL, MURAT vd. "Modeling and evaluation of SOC-based coordinated EV charging for power management in a distribution system". Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences 30/3 (2022), 678-694. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-2105-100