Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers

Ozdemir, Nuriye; Yazıcı, Ozan; sutcuoglu, osman; özay, zeynep irem

doi:10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807

Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers

Zeynep İrem ÖZAY, (Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara, Türkiye)

Osman SÜTÇÜOĞLU, (Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Nuriye ÖZDEMİR, (Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Ozan YAZICI (Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Onkoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology

1 1

Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 100 - 110 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807 İndeks Tarihi: 06-07-2022

Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers

Öz:

Currently, cancer is an important health problem, and virus-related infections have a large share among the factors that have been confirmed to play a role in the etiology of cancer. Until now, virus-associated cancers and nonvirusassociated cancers are treated with the same therapeutic agents. The answer to the question of whether the treatment of virus-associated tumors should be different from the treatment of other tumors has not yet been clearly answered. In addition to protective methods such as vaccination and pretransfusion serological tests, the immune system also plays an important role in eliminating the virus from the body. Besides, viruses escape from the immune system in various ways. Immunotherapies, which have been used in recent years, have brought a different dimension to cancer treatment by eliminating the inhibition of the immune checkpoint and activating T lymphocytes, thus showing an immunostimulating effect. The data showing that these agents, which are used in many types of cancer, may also be effective in virus-related cancers are increasing day by day. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the results of immunotherapies in randomized controlled trials in virus-associated cancers. Immunotherapies can play a role in many issues such as treatment of premalignant lesions and elimination of suppression or immunity after malignancy develops. As we summarized in our study, many randomized controlled clinical studies are ongoing to investigate the effectiveness of immunotherapies in virus-related cancers, and the results of these studies will answer many questions.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 2021;71:209–49. [CrossRef]
2. Rezende LFM, Lee DH, Louzada MLDC, Song M, Giovannucci E, Eluf-Neto J. Proportion of cancer cases and deaths attributable to lifestyle risk factors in Brazil. Cancer Epidemiol 2019;59:148–57. [CrossRef]
3. Varn FS, Schaafsma E, Wang Y, Cheng C. Genomic characterization of six virus-associated cancers identifies changes in the tumor immune microenvironment and altered genetic programs. Cancer Res 2018;78:6413–23. [CrossRef]
4. Plummer M, de Martel C, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Bray F, Franceschi S. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2012: a synthetic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2016;4:e609–16.
5. Krump NA, You J. Molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis in humans. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018;16:684–98. [CrossRef]
6. Shannon-Lowe C, Rickinson AB, Bell AI. Epstein-Barr virusassociated lymphomas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017;372:20160271. [CrossRef]
7. Fuentes-González AM, Contreras-Paredes A, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. The modulation of apoptosis by oncogenic viruses. Virol J 2013;10:182. [CrossRef]
8. Chaturvedi AK. Beyond cervical cancer: burden of other HPVrelated cancers among men and women. J Adolesc Health 2010;46:S20–6. [CrossRef]
9. Kobayashi K, Hisamatsu K, Suzui N, Hara A, Tomita H, Miyazaki T. A review of HPV-related head and neck cancer. J Clin Med 2018;7:241.
10. Xie B, Wang DH, Spechler SJ. Sorafenib for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:1122–9. [CrossRef]
11. Mesri EA, Feitelson MA, Munger K. Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis. Cell Host Microbe 2014;15:266–82.
12. Wang L, Li G, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP, Ning S. MicroRNA regulation of viral immunity, latency, and carcinogenesis of selected tumor viruses and HIV. Rev Med Virol 2015;25:320–41.
13. Gillison ML. HPV and prognosis for patients with oropharynx cancer. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:383–5. [CrossRef]
14. Giuliano AR, Nyitray AG, Kreimer AR, Pierce Campbell CM, Goodman MT, Sudenga SL, et al. EUROGIN 2014 roadmap: differences in human papillomavirus infection natural history, transmission and human papillomavirus-related cancer incidence by gender and anatomic site of infection. Int J Cancer 2015;136:2752–60.
15. Junor E, Kerr G, Oniscu A, Campbell S, Kouzeli I, Gourley C, et al. Benefit of chemotherapy as part of treatment for HPV DNA-positive but p16-negative squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Br J Cancer 2012;106:358–65. [CrossRef]
16. Mehra R, Seiwert TY, Gupta S, Weiss J, Gluck I, Eder JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: pooled analyses after long-term follow-up in KEYNOTE-012. Br J Cancer 2018;119:153–9. [CrossRef]
17. Harrington KJ, Ferris RL, Blumenschein G Jr, Colevas AD, Fayette J, Licitra L, et al. Nivolumab versus standard, single-agent therapy of investigator's choice in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CheckMate 141): health-related quality-of-life results from a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:1104–15. [CrossRef]
18. Burtness B, Harrington KJ, Greil R, Soulières D, Tahara M, de Castro G Jr, et al; KEYNOTE-048 Investigators. Pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): a randomised, openlabel, phase 3 study. Lancet 2019;394:1915–28. [CrossRef]
19. Powell SF, Gold KA, Gitau MM, Sumey CJ, Lohr MM, McGraw SC, et al. Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A phase IB study. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:2427–37.
20. Tewari KS, Sill MW, Penson RT, Huang H, Ramondetta LM, Landrum LM, et al. Bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer: final overall survival and adverse event analysis of a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial (Gynecologic Oncology Group 240). Lancet 2017;390:1654–63. [CrossRef]
21. Chung HC, Ros W, Delord JP, Perets R, Italiano A, Shapira-Frommer R, et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in previously treated advanced cervical cancer: results from the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study. J Clin Oncol 2019;37:1470–8.
22. Hollebecque A, Meyer T, Moore KN, Machiels J-PH, De Greve J, López-Picazo JM, et al. An open-label, multicohort, phase I/ II study of nivolumab in patients with virus-associated tumors (CheckMate 358): Efficacy and safety in recurrent or metastatic (R/M) cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:5504. [CrossRef]
23. Colombo N, Dubot C, Lorusso D, Caceres MV, Hasegawa K, Shapira-Frommer R, et al; KEYNOTE-826 investigators. Pembrolizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1856–67.
24. Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Vergote I, Miller A, de Melo AC, Kim HS, et al; Investigators for GOG Protocol 3016 and ENGOT Protocol En-Cx9. Survival with cemiplimab in recurrent cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 2022;386:544–55.
25. O'Malley DM, Neffa M, Monk BJ, Melkadze T, Huang M, Kryzhanivska A, et al. Dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade using balstilimab and zalifrelimab combination as second-line treatment for advanced cervical cancer: an open-label phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2022;40:762–71. [CrossRef]
26. Varnai AD, Bollmann M, Griefingholt H, Speich N, Schmitt C, Bollmann R, et al. HPV in anal squamous cell carcinoma and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). Impact of HPV analysis of anal lesions on diagnosis and prognosis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006;21:135–42.
27. Young AN, Jacob E, Willauer P, Smucker L, Monzon R, Oceguera L. Anal Cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2020;100:629–34.
28. Marabelle A, Cassier PA, Fakih M, Kao S, Nielsen D, Italiano A, et al. Pembrolizumab for previously treated advanced anal squamous cell carcinoma: results from the non-randomised, multicohort, multicentre, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7:446–54. [CrossRef]
29. Morris VK, Salem ME, Nimeiri H, Iqbal S, Singh P, Ciombor K, et al. Nivolumab for previously treated unresectable metastatic anal cancer (NCI9673): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2017;18:446–53. [CrossRef]
30. Hjalgrim H, Friborg J, Melbye M. The epidemiology of EBV and its association with malignant disease. In: Arvin A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Mocarski E, Moore PS, Roizman B, Whitley R, Yamanishi K, editors. Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. Chapter 53.
31. Marques-Piubelli ML, Salas YI, Pachas C, Becker-Hecker R, Vega F, Miranda RN. Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas: a review. Pathology 2020;52:40–52. [CrossRef]
32. Wei WI, Sham JS. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The Lancet 2005;365:2041–54. [CrossRef]
33. Young LS, Dawson CW. Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chin J Cancer 2014;33:581–90. [CrossRef]
34. Ma BBY, Lim WT, Goh BC, Hui EP, Lo KW, Pettinger A, et al. Antitumor activity of nivolumab in recurrent and metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an international, multicenter study of the Mayo Clinic phase 2 consortium (NCI-9742). J Clin Oncol 2018;36:1412–8. [CrossRef]
35. Hsu C, Lee SH, Ejadi S, Even C, Cohen RB, Le Tourneau C, et al. Safety and antitumor activity of pembrolizumab in patients with programmed death-ligand 1-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma: results of the KEYNOTE-028 study. J Clin Oncol 2017;35:4050–6. [CrossRef]
36. Yang Y, Qu S, Li J, Hu C, Xu M, Li W, et al. Camrelizumab versus placebo in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (CAPTAIN-1st): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2021;22:1162–74.
37. Xu R-h, Mai H-Q, Chen Q-Y, Chen D, Hu C, Yang K, et al. JUPITER-02: Randomized, double-blind, phase III study of toripalimab or placebo plus gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). J Clin Oncol 2021;39. [CrossRef]
38. Kwong YL, Chan TSY, Tan D, Kim SJ, Poon LM, Mow B, et al. PD1 blockade with pembrolizumab is highly effective in relapsed or refractory NK/T-cell lymphoma failing l-asparaginase. Blood 2017;129:2437–42.
39. Kim SJ, Hyeon J, Cho I, Ko YH, Kim WS. Comparison of efficacy of pembrolizumab between Epstein-Barr virus-positive and -negative relapsed or refractory non-hodgkin lymphomas. Cancer Res Treat 2019;51:611–22. [CrossRef]
40. Naseem M, Barzi A, Brezden-Masley C, Puccini A, Berger MD, Tokunaga R, et al. Outlooks on Epstein-Barr virus associated gastric cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2018;66:15–22.
41. Kim ST, Cristescu R, Bass AJ, Kim KM, Odegaard JI, Kim K, et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of clinical responses to PD-1 inhibition in metastatic gastric cancer. Nat Med 2018;24:1449–58. [CrossRef]
42. Mishima S, Kawazoe A, Nakamura Y, Sasaki A, Kotani D, Kuboki Y, et al. Clinicopathological and molecular features of responders to nivolumab for patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019;7:24. [CrossRef]
43. El-Khoueiry AB, Sangro B, Yau T, Crocenzi TS, Kudo M, Hsu C, et al. Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial. The Lancet 2017;389:2492–502.
44. Finn RS, Qin S, Ikeda M, Galle PR, Ducreux M, Kim TY, et al; IMbrave150 Investigators. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1894–905. [CrossRef]
45. Kelley RK, Sangro B, Harris W, Ikeda M, Okusaka T, Kang YK, et al. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of tremelimumab plus durvalumab for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: randomized expansion of a phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol 2021;39:2991–3001. [CrossRef]
46. Yau T, Park J-W, Finn RS, Cheng A-L, Mathurin P, Edeline J, et al. Nivolumab versus sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 459): a randomised, multicentre, openlabel, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2022;23:77–90.
47. Cohen EE, Soulières D, Le Tourneau C, Dinis J, Licitra L, Ahn M-J, et al. Pembrolizumab versus methotrexate, docetaxel, or cetuximab for recurrent or metastatic head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-040): a randomised, openlabel, phase 3 study. The Lancet 2019;393:156–67.
48. Burtness B, Harrington K, Greil R, Soulières D, Tahara M, De Castro G, et al. KEYNOTE-048: Phase III study of first-line pembrolizumab (P) for recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). Ann Oncol 2018;29:viii729.
49. Ferris R, Haddad R, Even C, Tahara M, Dvorkin M, Ciuleanu T, et al. Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: EAGLE, a randomized, open-label phase III study. Ann Oncol 2020;31:942–50. [CrossRef]
50. Bourhis J, Sire C, Tao Y, Martin L, Alfonsi M, Prevost J, et al. LBA38 Pembrolizumab versus cetuximab, concomitant with radiotherapy (RT) in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LA-HNSCC): Results of the GORTEC 2015- 01 “PembroRad” randomized trial. Ann Oncol 2020;31:S1168.
51. Powell SF, Gold KA, Gitau MM, Sumey CJ, Lohr MM, McGraw SC, et al. safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a phase IB study. J Clin Oncol 2020;38:2427–37.
52. Cohen RB, Delord JP, Doi T, Piha-Paul SA, Liu SV, Gilbert J, et al. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced salivary gland carcinoma: findings of the phase 1b KEYNOTE-028 study. Am J Clin Oncol 2018;41:1083–8. [CrossRef]
53. Sacco AG, Messer K, Leidner RS, Colevas AD, Nieva JJ, Chau NG, et al. An open-label, single-arm, multi-institutional phase II trial of avelumab for recurrent, metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. American Society of Clinical Oncology; 2017. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02875613. Accessed May 30, 2022.
54. Xu J, Shen J, Gu S, Zhang Y, Wu L, Wu J, et al. Camrelizumab in combination with apatinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (RESCUE): A nonrandomized, open-label, phase II trial. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27:1003–11. [CrossRef]
55. Zhu AX, Finn RS, Ikeda M, Sung MW, Baron AD, Kudo M, et al. A phase Ib study of lenvatinib (LEN) plus pembrolizumab (PEMBRO) in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). J Clin Oncol 2020;38:4519. [CrossRef]
56. Finn RS, Ryoo B-Y, Merle P, Kudo M, Bouattour M, Lim H-Y, et al. Results of KEYNOTE-240: phase 3 study of pembrolizumab (Pembro) vs best supportive care (BSC) for second line therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2019;37:4004. [CrossRef]

APA	özay z, sutcuoglu o, Ozdemir N, Yazıcı O (2022). Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. , 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
Chicago	özay zeynep irem,sutcuoglu osman,Ozdemir Nuriye,Yazıcı Ozan Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. (2022): 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
MLA	özay zeynep irem,sutcuoglu osman,Ozdemir Nuriye,Yazıcı Ozan Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. , 2022, ss.100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
AMA	özay z,sutcuoglu o,Ozdemir N,Yazıcı O Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. . 2022; 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
Vancouver	özay z,sutcuoglu o,Ozdemir N,Yazıcı O Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. . 2022; 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
IEEE	özay z,sutcuoglu o,Ozdemir N,Yazıcı O "Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers." , ss.100 - 110, 2022. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
ISNAD	özay, zeynep irem vd. "Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers". (2022), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807

APA	özay z, sutcuoglu o, Ozdemir N, Yazıcı O (2022). Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, 6(2), 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
Chicago	özay zeynep irem,sutcuoglu osman,Ozdemir Nuriye,Yazıcı Ozan Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology 6, no.2 (2022): 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
MLA	özay zeynep irem,sutcuoglu osman,Ozdemir Nuriye,Yazıcı Ozan Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, vol.6, no.2, 2022, ss.100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
AMA	özay z,sutcuoglu o,Ozdemir N,Yazıcı O Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology. 2022; 6(2): 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
Vancouver	özay z,sutcuoglu o,Ozdemir N,Yazıcı O Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers. Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology. 2022; 6(2): 100 - 110. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
IEEE	özay z,sutcuoglu o,Ozdemir N,Yazıcı O "Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers." Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology, 6, ss.100 - 110, 2022. 10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807
ISNAD	özay, zeynep irem vd. "Review of Immunotherapy Efficacy in Virus-associated Cancers". Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology 6/2 (2022), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2022.86807