Yıl: 2005 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 155 - 171 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları

Öz:
Amaç: Literatür ve klinik uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan Stroop Testine ilişkin puanların temsil ettikleri bilişsel işlevleri ve ilgili beyin alanlarını belirlemek. Yöntem: Araştırma yaş (19-37 yaş aralığı) ve eğitim düzeyi (12 yıl ve üstü) açısından eşleştirilmiş 45 sağlıklı gönüllü üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Uyarım, kayıt ve analiz işlemlerinde NeuroScan 4.2 donanım-yazılım sistemi kullanılmıştır. EEG kaydı 10-20 sistemine göre 32 elektrot lokasyonundan (referans: birleştirilmiş mastoid elektrotları) alınmış, kayıtlar 0.16-100 Hz (3 dB noktası, 12 dB oktav/eğim) sınırlarında filtrelenmiş, toplam kayıt süresi olan 2046 ms'nin ilk 1024 ms'lik bölümü temel düzeyin de belirlenmesinde kullanılacak olan uyarıcı-öncesi bölümü oluşturmuştur. Örnekleme aralığı 512 Hz olmuştur. Analizler zamansal alanda (olay-ilişkili potansiyeller: OİP) yapılmış, ilgili haritalar elde edilmiştir. Deneysel koşullar ve elektrot alanlarının OİP zirveleri üzerindeki etkileri istatistiksel tekniklerle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: İncelenen testte erken OİP zirveleriyle yüksek frekanslı osilasyonların genelde posterior bölgelerde elde edildiği ve duyusal/algısal işlemleri temsil ettiği; geç OİP zirveleriyle düşük frekanslı osilasyonların antero-posterior eksen üzerinde elde edildiği ve ileri bilgi işleme işlemlerini temsil ettiği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Literatür ve uygulamalarda frontal bölge testi olarak kabul edilen Stroop Testi performansı beynin geniş bir alanını içermektedir. Bu bulgular, işlevlerin beyne seçici olarak yayılmış biçimde gerçekleştirildiğini öne süren güncel beyin ve biliş modellerini desteklemektedir.
Anahtar Kelime: Erişkin Uyarılma potansiyelleri Beyin haritalandırılması Frontal lob Elektrofizyoloji

Konular: Tıbbi İnformatik

The electrophysiology of performance in the stroop test: Event-related potentials and brain Maps

Öz:
Objective: To find the cognitive correlates and the brain regions that performance on Stroop Test represent. Method: The study was conducted on 45 healthy volunteers who were matched with respect to age (19-37 years) and education (12 years or more). Stimulation, recording and analyses were carried under NeuroScan 4.2. Computerized versions of the Stroop Test were used. EEG was recorded from 32 electrode locations (10/20 system, referenced to linked earlobes) and filtered between 0.16-100 Hz (3 dB point, 12 dB octave/slope). Total record time was 2046 ms and the first 1024 ms comprised the prestimulus interval which was also be used for baseline correction. Sampling rate was 512 Hz. The analyses were carried on in the time-domain (event-related potentials: ERPs). Respective time-domain maps were constructed. The effect of the experimental conditions and electrode locations on ERP peaks were statistically analyzed. Results: In this test, early ERP and high frequency ERO components were obtained mainly from the posterior recording sites and represented sensory/perceptual processes. The late ERP and the low frequency ERO components, on the other hand, represented higher operations of information processing. Conclusion: Performance at the Stroop Test involve extended regions of the brain. These findings support the contemporary models on brain and cognition according to which functions are realized through selectively distributed processing.
Anahtar Kelime: Frontal Lobe Electrophysiology Adult Evoked Potentials Brain Mapping

Konular: Tıbbi İnformatik
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Alain C, McNeely HE, He Y ve ark. (2002) Neurophysiological evidence of error-monitoring deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex, 12: 840-846.
  • Atkinson CM, Drysdale KA, Fulham WR (2003) Event-related potentials to Stroop and reverse Stroop stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol, 47:1-21.
  • Barcelo F, Munoz-Cespedes JM, Pozo MA ve ark. (2000) Attentional set shifting modulates the target P3b response in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuropsychologia, 38: 1342-1355.
  • Barcelo F, Perianez JA, Knight RT (2002) Think differently: A brain orienting response to task novelty. Neuroreport, 13:1887-1892.
  • Barcelo F, Rubia FJ (1998) Non-frontal P3b-like activity evoked by The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Neuroreport, 9:747-751.
  • Barch DM, Braver TS, Akbudak E ve ark. (2001) Anterior cin-gulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain. Cereb Cortex, 11:837-848.
  • Barkley RA (1997) Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol Bull, 121:65-94.
  • Başar E (1998) Brain Function and Oscillations: I. Brain Oscillations. Principles and Approaches. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
  • Başar E (1999) Brain Function and Oscillations: II. Integrative Brain Function. Neurophysiology and Cognitive Processes. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
  • Bijl S, de Bruin EA, Bocker KB ve ark. (2005) Chronic effects of social drinking in a card-sorting task: An event related potential study. Clin Neurophysiol, 116:376-385.
  • Bokura H, Yamaguchi S, Kobayashi S (2005) Event-related potentials for response inhibition in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 43:967-975.
  • Brown GG, Kindermann SS, Siegle GJ ve ark. (1999) Brain activation, and pupil response during covert performance of the Stroop color word task. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 5:308-319.
  • Burke DM, Light LL (1981) Memory and aging: The role of retrieval processes. Psychol Bull, 90:513-546.
  • Bush G, Whalen PJ, Rosen BR ve ark. (1998) The counting Stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging: Validation study with functional MRI. Hum Brain Mapp, 6:270-282.
  • Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D (1992) Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology and schizophrenia. Psychol Rev, 99:45-77.
  • Cohen JD, Dunbar K, McClelland JL. (1990) On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychol Rev, 97:332-361.
  • Dao-Castellana MH, Samson Y, Legault F ve ark. (1998) Frontal dysfunction in neurologically normal chronic alcoholic subjects: Metabolic and neuropsychological findings. Psychol Med, 28:1039-1048.
  • DeSoto MC, Fabiani M, Geary DC ve ark. (2001) When in doubt, do it both ways: Brain evidence of the simultaneous acti¬vation of conflicting motor responses in a spatial Stroop task. J Cogn Neurosci, 13:523-536.
  • Fan J, Flombaum JI, McCandliss BD ve ark. (2003) Cognitive and brain consequences of conflict. Neuroimage, 18:42-57.
  • Fuster JM (1989) The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. (2. baskı), Raven, New York.
  • Fuster JM (1995) Memory in the cerebral cortex: An empirical approach to the neural networks in the human and nonhuman primate. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
  • Gilbert SJ, Shallice T (2002) Task switching: A PDP model. Cognit Psychol, 44: 297-337.
  • Goldman-Rakic PS (1987) Circuitry of Primate Prefrontal Cortex and Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory, Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System: Higher Functions of the Brain. Plum F (Ed), American Physiology Ass, Bethesda (MD).
  • Grapperon J, Vidal F, Leni P (1998) [The contribution of cogni¬tive evoked potentials to knowledge of mechanisms on the Stroop test]. Neurophysiol Clin, 28: 207-220.
  • Gruber SA, Yurgelun-Todd DA (2005) Neuroimaging of marijuana smokers during inhibitory processing: A pilot investiga¬tion. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 23:107-118.
  • Hajcak G, Simons RF (2002) Error-related brain activity in obsessive-compulsive undergraduates. Psychiatry Res, 110:63-72.
  • Ilan AB, Polich J (1999) P300 and response time from a manual Stroop task. Clin Neurophysiol, 110:367-373.
  • Karakaş HM (2000) Kognitif Nöroradyolojik Yöntem ve Yaklaşımlar. Multidisipliner Yaklaşımla Beyin ve Kognisyon. Karakaş S, Aydın H, Erdemir C, Özesmi Ç (Ed), Çizgi Tıp Yayınevi, Ankara, s.22-37.
  • Karakaş S (2004) BİLNOT Bataryası El Kitabı: Nöropsikolojik Testler İçin Araştırma ve Galiştirme Çalışmaları. Dizayn Ofset, Ankara.
  • Karakaş S, Başar E (1998) Early gamma response is sensory in origin: A conclusion based on cross-comparison of results from multiple experimental paradigms. Int J Psychophysiol, 31:13-31.
  • Karakaş S, Başar E (2004) Oscillatory responses of the brain and their cognitive correlates. G Adelman, BH Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (3. baskı), San Diego CA: Elsevier.
  • Karakaş S, Başar E (baskıda) Brain models and theories in brain function with special emphasis on cognitive processing. Special Issue öf Int J Psychophysiol.
  • Karakaş S, Başar-Eroğlu C, Özesmi Ç ve ark. (2001) Gamma response of the brain: A multifunctional oscillation that repre¬sents a bottom-up with top-down processing. Int J Psychophysiol, 39:137-150.
  • Karakaş S, Bekçi B, Erzengin ÖU (2003a) Early gamma response in human neuroelectric activity is correlated with neu-ropsychological test scores. Neurosci Lett, 340:37-40.
  • Karakaş S, Erdoğan E, Sak L ve ark. (1999) Stroop Testi TBAG Formu: Türk kültürüne standardizasyon çalışmaları, güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2:75-88.
  • Karakaş S, Irak M, Bekçi B (2003b) Sağlıklı İnsanda Bilgi İşleme Süreçleri: Biliş ve Üst-Biliş, Beyin ve Nöropsikoloji. Karakaş S, İrkeç C, Yüksel N (Ed), Çizgi Tıp Yayınevi, Ankara, s.31-53.
  • Karakaş S, Karakaş HM (2000) Yönetici işlevlerin ayrıştırıl-masında multidisipliner yaklaşım: Bilişsel psikolojiden nöro-radyolojiye. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3:215-227.
  • Karakaş S, Tüfekçi İ, Bekçi B ve ark. (baskıda) Early time-locked gamma response and gender specificity. Int J Psychophysiol.
  • Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW 3rd ve ark. (2004) Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in con¬trol, Science, 303:023-1026.
  • Khateb A, Michel CM, Pegna AJ ve ark. (2000) New insights into the Stroop effect: A spatio-temporal analysis of electric brain activity. Neuroreport, 11:1849-1855.
  • Koch C (2003) Self-monitoring, need for cognition, and the Stroop effect: A preliminary study. Per Mot Skills, 96:212-214.
  • Koriat A (1993) How do we know that we know? The accessi¬bility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychol Rev, 50:609-639.
  • Leung HC, Skudlarski P, Gatenby JC ve ark. (2000) An event-related functional MRI study of the Stroop color word interference task. Cereb Cortex, 10:552-560.
  • Lezak MD (1995) Neuropsychological Assessment. 3. baskı, Oxford Univ Pr, New York.
  • Liotti M, Woldorff MG, Perez R ve ark. (2000) An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect. Neuropsychologia, 38:701-711.
  • Luria A (1966) Higher Cortical Functions in Man. Basic Books, New York.
  • MacDonald AW 3rd, Cohen JD, Stenger VA ve ark. (2000) Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science, 288:1835-1838.
  • MacLeod CM (1992) The Stroop task: The "Gold Standard" of attentional measures. J Exp Psychol Gen, 121:2-14.
  • Markela-Lerenc J, Ille N, Kaiser S ve ark. (2004) Prefrontal-cin-gulate activation during executive control: Which comes first? Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 18: 278-287.
  • Masaki H, Tanaka H, Takasawa N ve ark. (2001) Error-related brain potentials elicited by vocal errors. Neuroreport, 12:1851-1855.
  • Mesulam MM (1990) Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Ann Neurol, 28:597-613.
  • Milham MP, Banich MT (2005) Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation. Hum Brain Mapp, [Epub ahead of print].
  • Naatanen R (1990) The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behav Brain Sci, 13:201-288.
  • Naatanen R (1992) Attention and Brain Function. Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc, London.
  • Naatanen R, Picton T (1986) N2 and Automatic Versus Controlled Processes, Cerebral Psychophysiology. Studies at Event-Related Potentials. McCallum WC, Zappoli R, Denoth I (Ed), (EEG Suppl. 38), Elsevier, North-Holland.
  • Nakazawa M, Kitamura S, Nagazumi A ve ark. (1993) [Cognitive function and its evaluation methods in Parkinson's disease study including RCPM and ERP]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 33:1157-1163.
  • Nelson TO, Leonesio RJ, Landwehr RS ve ark. (1986) A comparison of three predictors of an individual's memory performance: The individual's feeling of knowing versus the normative feeling of knowing versus base-rate item difficulty. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 12:279-287.
  • Pennington BE, Ozonoff S (1996) Executive functions and devel¬opmental psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 37:51-87.
  • Peterson BS, Skudlarski P, Gatenby JC ve ark. (1999) An fMRI study of Stroop word-color interference: evidence for cingulate subregions subserving multiple distributed attentional systems. Biol Psychiatry, 45:1237-1258.
  • Polich J (1986) Attention, probability, and task demands as determinants of P300 latency from auditory stimuli. EEG Clin Neurophysiol, 63:251-259.
  • Polich J, Margala C (1997) P300 and probability: Comparison of oddball and single stimulus paradigms. Int J Psychophysiol, 25:169-176.
  • Rebai M, Bernard C, Lannou J (1997) The Stroop's test evokes a negative brain potential, the N400. Int J Neurosci, 91:85-94.
  • Roberts RJ, Hager LD, Heron C (1994) Prefrontal cognitive processes: Working memory and inhibition in the antisaccade task. J Exp Psychol Gen, 23:374-393.
  • Schmidt JR, Cheesman J (2005) Dissociating stimulus-stimulus and response response effects in the Stroop task. Can J Exp Psychol, 59:132-138.
  • Solso R (1995) Cognitive Psychology 4. Baskı, Needham Heights, Allyn and Bacon.
  • Spreen O, Strauss E (1991) A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms and Commentary. Oxford Univ. Pr, New York.
  • Stroop RJ (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reac¬tions. J Exp Psychol, 18:643-661.
  • Sutton S, Braren M, Zubin J ve ark. (1965) Evoked potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science, 150:1187-1188.
  • Swick D, Jovanovic J (2002) Anterior cingulate cortex and the Stroop task: neuropsychological evidence for topographic specificity. Neuropsychologia, 40:1240-1253.
  • Tatsuoka MM (1971) Multivariate analysis: Techniques for Educational and Psychological Research. Wiley, New York.
  • Vendrell P, Junque C, Pujol J ve ark. (1995) The role of prefrontal regions in the Stroop task. Neuropsychologia, 33:341-352.
  • Volz HP, Gaser C, Hager F ve ark. (1997) Brain activation during cognitive stimulation with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: A functional MRI study on healthy volunteers and schizophrenics. Psychiatry Res, 75:145-157.
  • Warren LR, Marsh GR (1979) Changes in event related potentials during processing of Stroop stimuli. Int J Neurosci, 9:217-223.
  • Welsh MC, Pennington BF (1988) Assessing frontal lobe function in children: Views from developmental psychology. Dev Neuropsychol, 4:199-230.
  • West R, Alain C (1999) Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop Task. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 8:157-164.
  • West R, Alain C (2000) Effects of task context and fluctuations of attention on neural activity supporting performance of the Stroop Task. Brain Res, 873:102-111.
  • Whalen PJ, Bush G, McNally RJ ve ark. (1998) The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: A functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division. Biol Psychiatry, 44:219-228.
APA KARAKAŞ S, BEKÇİ B, DOĞUTEPE E, ERZENGİN Ö (2005). Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. , 155 - 171.
Chicago KARAKAŞ Sirel,BEKÇİ Belma,DOĞUTEPE ELVİN,ERZENGİN Ö. Utku Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. (2005): 155 - 171.
MLA KARAKAŞ Sirel,BEKÇİ Belma,DOĞUTEPE ELVİN,ERZENGİN Ö. Utku Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. , 2005, ss.155 - 171.
AMA KARAKAŞ S,BEKÇİ B,DOĞUTEPE E,ERZENGİN Ö Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. . 2005; 155 - 171.
Vancouver KARAKAŞ S,BEKÇİ B,DOĞUTEPE E,ERZENGİN Ö Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. . 2005; 155 - 171.
IEEE KARAKAŞ S,BEKÇİ B,DOĞUTEPE E,ERZENGİN Ö "Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları." , ss.155 - 171, 2005.
ISNAD KARAKAŞ, Sirel vd. "Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları". (2005), 155-171.
APA KARAKAŞ S, BEKÇİ B, DOĞUTEPE E, ERZENGİN Ö (2005). Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8(4), 155 - 171.
Chicago KARAKAŞ Sirel,BEKÇİ Belma,DOĞUTEPE ELVİN,ERZENGİN Ö. Utku Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 8, no.4 (2005): 155 - 171.
MLA KARAKAŞ Sirel,BEKÇİ Belma,DOĞUTEPE ELVİN,ERZENGİN Ö. Utku Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, vol.8, no.4, 2005, ss.155 - 171.
AMA KARAKAŞ S,BEKÇİ B,DOĞUTEPE E,ERZENGİN Ö Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2005; 8(4): 155 - 171.
Vancouver KARAKAŞ S,BEKÇİ B,DOĞUTEPE E,ERZENGİN Ö Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2005; 8(4): 155 - 171.
IEEE KARAKAŞ S,BEKÇİ B,DOĞUTEPE E,ERZENGİN Ö "Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları." Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8, ss.155 - 171, 2005.
ISNAD KARAKAŞ, Sirel vd. "Stroop testi performansının elektrofizyolojisi: Olay-ilişkili potansiyeller ve ilişkili beyin haritaları". Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 8/4 (2005), 155-171.