Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi

Yıl: 2007 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13 Sayfa Aralığı: 122 - 148 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi

Öz:
Bu çalışmada, uluslararası ortak girişimlerin (UOG) mülkiyet yapılarını betimleme ve açıklama amaçlarına kültürel kuram izlenerek ulaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Temelde mülkiyet oranının, UOG’lerin kontrol derecesinin ve ortaklar arasındaki kültürel farklılıkların bir göstergesi olduğu yaklaşımından hareket edilmektedir. ISO’nun belirlediği ilk 500 firma içerisinde yer alan ve yabancı ortak oranı % 10-90 arasında değişen UOG’leri kapsayan bu görgül çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, yabancı çokuluslu ortağın, mülkiyet yapısı içerisinde azınlık paya sahip olma olasılığını sadece yönetsel kontrol düzeyi etkilemektedir. Köken ve evsahibi ülke arasındaki kültürel farklılıkların yabancı çokuluslu ortağın UOG’lerinde azınlığa dayalı mülkiyet oranını olumlu yönde etkilemesi beklenirken, yapılan logit analizi sonucunda kültürel mesafe ile mülkiyet yapısı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin olmadığı görülmektedir. Bu sonuç, UOG’lerin mülkiyet kompozisyonunda belirleyici faktörün, kültürel farklılıklardan ziyade, yatırım yapılan evsahibi ülkenin çoğunluk dünya ülkesi ve yabancı çokuluslu ortağın gelişmiş ülke kökenli olup olmamasına bağlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: yönetsel kontrol sahiplik kültürel farklılıklar ortak girişim gelişmekte olan ülkeler

Konular: İşletme İktisat

Ownership Structure in International Joint Ventures: The Effects of Managerial Control and Cross-Cultural Differences

Öz:
The aim of this paper is to examine the ownership structure of international joint ventures (IJVs) in light of the cultural theory. It is generally accepted that the percentage of ownership is reflected by both the control-level of the IJVs and cross-cultural differences amongst partners. According to the results of the questionnary based study which includes the IJV firms indicated by the Istanbul Chamber of Industry as being in major 500 Largest Industrial Enterprises and the foreign equity ownership ranges from 10-90 %, the level of managerial control only affects the possibility of minority ownership concerning the ownership structure of the IJVs. It is normally expected that cultural differences between the host and home country affect the minority ownership percentage of foreign partners regarding their IJVs in a positive way. However, the conducted logit regressions do not provide any meaningful relationship between the cultural distance and the ownership structure. In accordance with this conclusion, it can clearly be indicated that the most significant factors relating to the ownership structure of the IJVs are to whether the invested host country belongs to developing countries and to whether the origin of foreign partner is a developed country, rather than cultural differences.
Anahtar Kelime: developing countries managerial control ownership cultural differences joint venture

Konular: İşletme İktisat
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
0
0
0
  • ADLER, N. J. (1983), “Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to be Faced”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1-2), ss. 7-45.
  • ADLER, N.J. (1991), International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, PWS-KENT Publishing Company, Second Edition, Boston.
  • ANDERSON, E. ve GATIGNON, H. (1986), “Modes of Entry: A Transactions Cost Analysis and Propositions”, Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), ss. 1-26.
  • AUSTER, E. R. (1987), “International Corporate Linkages: Dynamic Forms in Changing Environments”, California Journal of World Business, 22, ss. 3-6.
  • BARKEMA, H. G. ve VERMEULEN, F. (1997), “What Differences in the Cultural Backgrounds of Partners are Detrimental for International Joint Ventures?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), ss. 845-864.
  • BEAMISH, P. W. (1985), “The Characteristics of Joint Ventures in Developed and Developing Countries”, Columbia Journal of World Business, 20(3), ss. 13-19.
  • BEAMISH, P. W. (1988), Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries, Roudge, London.
  • BELL, J. (1996), Single or Joint Venturing, Avebury Ashgate Publishing, J. Bell, England.
  • BLODGETT, L. L. (1991), “Partner Contributions as Predictions of Equity Share in International Joint Ventures” Journal of International Business Studies, 22 (1), ss. 63-78.
  • BOYACIGİLLER, N. A. ve ADLER, N. J. (1991), “The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in A Global Context”, Academy of Management Review, 16(2), ss. 262-290.
  • BROUTHERS, K. D. ve BROUTHERS, L. E. (2001), “Explaining The National Cultural Distance Paradox”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (1), ss. 177-191.
  • CHILD, J. (1984), Organization: A Guide to Problems and Practice, Harper & Row, London.
  • CHILD, J. ve Faulkner, D. (1998), Strategies of Cooperation, Oxford University Pres, Oxford.
  • CHILD, J. ve YAN, Y. (1999), “Investment and Control in International Joint Ventures: The Case of China”, Journal of World Business, 34(1), ss. 3-15.
  • CULLEN, J. B. ve JOHNSON, J. L. (1995), “Japanese and Local Partner Commitment to IJV’ s: Psychological Consequnces of Outcomes”, Journal of International Business Studies, 26(1), ss. 91-116.
  • DAS, T. K. ve TENG, B. S. (1998), “Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances”, Academy of Management Review, 23 (3), ss. 491-512.
  • DEMİRBAĞ, M. ve TATOĞLU, E. (2001), “Çokuluslu Şirketlerin Bağlı Firmalarında Mülkiyet Yapısını Etkileyen Faktörler: Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyi ve Kültürel Farklılıklar”, IX. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler, 24-26 Mayıs 2001, İstanbul, ss. 89-108.
  • DEMİRBAĞ, M. ve MİRZA, H. (2000), “Factors affecting International Joint Venture Success: An Empirical Analysis of Foreign-Local Partner Relationships and Performance in Joint Ventures in Turkey”, International Business Review¸ 9, ss. 1-35.
  • ERRAMILLI, M. K. (1996), “Nationality and Subsidiary Ownership Patterns in Multinational Corporations”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27(2), ss. 225-248.
  • ERRAMILLI, M. K. ve RAO, C. P. (1993), “Service Firms International Entry Mode Choice: A Modified Transaction Cost Analysis Approach”, Journal of Marketing, 57 (3), ss. 19-39.
  • ERRAMILLI, M. K., AGARWAL, S. ve KIM, S. (1997), “Are Firm-Specific Advantages Location-Specific Too?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), ss. 735-757.
  • FINA, E. ve RUGMAN, A. M. (1996), “A Test of Internalization Theoy and Internalizationalization Theory: The Upjohn Company”, Management International Review, 36(3), ss. 199-214.
  • GATIGNON, H. ve ANDERSON, E. (1988), “The Multinational Corporation’ s Degree of Control over Foreign Sunsidiaries: an Empirical Test of A Transaction Cost Explanation”, Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 4 (2), ss. 305-336.
  • GERINGER, J. M. ve HEBERT, L. (1989), “Control and Performance of International Joint Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies, 20(2), ss. 235-254
  • GERINGER, J. M. ve HEBERT, L. (1991), “Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies, 22, ss. 249-263.
  • GILL, J. ve BUTLER, R. (1996), “Cycles of Trust and Ditrust in Joint Ventures”, European Management Journal, 14 (1), ss. 81-89.
  • GRAY, B. ve YAN, A. (1991), “A Negotiations Model of Joint Venture Formation, Structure and Performance: Implications for Global Management”, Advances in International Comparative Management 7, CU:JAI Pres Greenwich.
  • GUJARATI, D. N. (2001), Temel Ekonometri (Çev. Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen), İkinci Basım, Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • HEBERT, L. ve BEAMISH, P., Der. Gannon, M. J. ve Newman, K. L. (2002), “Cooperative Strategies between Firms: International Joint Ventures”, The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, , Blackwell Publishers, ABD, ss. 78-98.
  • HENNART, J. F. (1988), “A Transaction Cost Theory of Equity Joint Ventures”, Strategic Management Journal, 9 (4), ss. 361-374.
  • HENNART, J. F. ve LARIMO, J. (1998), “The Impact of Culture on the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: Does National Origin Affect Ownership Decisions?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 29(3), ss. 515-538.
  • HOFSTEDE, G. (1980), Culture’ s Consequences: International Differences in Work – Related Values, Sage Publications, California.
  • HOFSTEDE, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations, McGraw-Hill, London.
  • HORAGUCHİ, H. ve TOYNE, B. (1990), “Setting The record straight: Hymer, Internalization Theory and Transaction Cost Economics”, Journal of International Business Studies, 21(3), ss. 487-495.
  • HOUSE, R. J., HANGES, P. J., JAVIDAN, M., DORFMAN, P. W. ve GUPTA, V. (2004), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Sage Publications, London.
  • INKPEN, A. C. ve CURRAL, S. C. (1998), “The Nature, Antecedents and Concequences of Joint Venture Trust”, Journal of International Management, 4 (1), ss. 1-20.
  • JAEGER, A. M. (1983), “The Transfer of Organizational Culture Overseas: An Approach to Control in The Multinational Corporation”, Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2), ss. 91-114.
  • JOHNSON, J. L., CULLEN, J. B., SAKANO, T. ve BRONSON, J. W. (2001), “Drivers and Outcomes of Parent Company Intervention in IJV Management: A Cross-Cultural Comparision”, Journal of Business Research, 52, ss. 35-49.
  • KAĞITÇIBAŞI, Ç. (2000), Kültürel Psikoloji Kültür Bağlamında İnsan ve Aile, Evrim Yayınevi, Sosyal Psikoloji Dizisi: 2, 2. Basım, İstanbul.
  • KANUNGO, R. N. (1983), “Work Alienation: A Pancultural Perspectives”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13(1-2), ss. 119-138.
  • KILLINGS, J. P. (1983), Strategies for Joint Venture Success, Praeger, New York.
  • KOBRIN, S. J. (1991), “An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Global Integration”, Strategic Management Journal, 12(1), ss. 17-31.
  • KOGUT, B. ve SINGH, H. (1988), “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode”, Journal of International Business Studies, 19(3), ss. 411-432.
  • LANE, H. ve BEAMISH, P. W. (1990), “Cross-Cultural Cooperative Behavior in Joint Ventures” in LDC’ s”, Management International Review, 30, ss. 87-102
  • LARIMO, J. (2003), “International Joint Venture Strategies and Performance in Asian Countries”, http://blake.montclair.edu/~cibconf/conference/DATA/Theme2/UK1.pdf, January, 18s.
  • LAURENT, A. (1983), “The Cultural Diversity of Western Conceptions of Management”, International Studies of Management & Organization, XIII(1-2), ss. 75-96.
  • LAURENT, A. (1986), “The Cross-Cultual Puzzle of International Human Resource Management”, Human Resource Management, 25(1), ss. 91-102.
  • MADHOK, A. (1995), “Revisiting Multinational Firm’ s Tolerance For Joint Ventures: A Trust Based Approach”, Journal of International Business Studies, 26 (1), ss. 117-137.
  • MAIN, J. (1990), “Making Global Alliances Work”, Fortune (December 17), Vol. 131, ss. 121-148.
  • MJOEN, H. ve TALLMAN, S. (1997), “Control and Performance in International Joint Ventures”, Organization Science, 8(3), ss. 257-274.
  • NEWMAN, K. L. ve NOLLEN, S. D. (1996), “Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27(4), ss. 753-779.
  • NOWINSKI, T. S. ve CRENSHAW, D. K. Der. Carter, J. D., Cushman, R. I. ve Harta, C. S. (1988), “Joint Venturing in The Manufacturing Industry”, The Handbook of Joint Venturing, Business One Irwin Inc., Homewood, ss. 144-159.
  • OUCHI, W. G. ve JEAGER, A. M. (1978), “Type Z Organization. Stability in The Midst of Mobility”, Academy of Management Review, 3(2), ss. 305-314.
  • OUDENHOVEN, J. P. V. (2001), “Do Organizatins Reflect National Cultures? A 110 – Nation Study”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, ss. 89-107.
  • PADMANABBAHAN, P. ve CHO, K. R. (1999), “Decision Specific Experience in Foreign Ownership and Establishment Strategies: Evidence From Japanese Firms”, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (1), ss. 25-41
  • PARK, S. H. ve UNGSON, G. R. (1997), “The Effect of National Culture, Organizational Complementarity, and Economic Motivation on Joint Venture Dissolution”, Academy of Management Journal, 40(2), ss. 279-307.
  • PARKHE, A. Der. Punnett, B. J. ve Shenkar, O. (1996), “International Joint Ventures”, Handbook for International Management Resource, MA: Blackwell Business, Cambridge, ss. 429-452.
  • PETERS, T. J. ve WATERMAN, R. H. (1987), Yönetme ve Yükseltme Sanatı “Mükemmeli Arayış”, Çev. Sargut, S., Altın Kitaplar, İstanbul.
  • PFEFFER, J. ve SALANCIK, G. R. (1978), The External Control of Organizations, Harper & Row, New York
  • PORTER, M. E. (1986), “Changing Patterns of International Competition”, California Management Review, 28(2) (1986), ss. 9-40.
  • POTHUKUCHI, V., DAMANPOUR, F., CHOI, J., CHEN, C. C. ve PARK, S. H. (2002), “National and Organizational Culture Differences and International Joint Venture Performance”, Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), ss. 243-265.
  • PRAHALAD C. K. ve DOZ, Y. L. Der. Buckley, P. J. ve Ghauri, P. (1993), “An Approach to Strategic Control in MNCs”, The Internalization of the Firm: A Reader, Academic Pres, London.
  • RİCHARDS, M. (2000), “Control Exercised by U.S. Multinationals over Their Overseas Affiliates: Does Location Make A Difference?”, Journal of International Management, 6, ss. 105-120.
  • RONEN, S. ve SHENKAR, O. (1985), “Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 3, ss. 435-454.
  • ROSENZWEIGH, P. M. (1994), “When Can Management Science Management Science Research Be Generalized Internationally”, Management Science, 40(1), ss. 28-39.
  • ROSENZWEIGH, P. M. ve SINGH, J. V.(1991), “Organizational Environments and The Multinational Enterprise”, Academy of Management Review, 16(2), ss. 340-361.
  • SCHAAN, J. L. ve BEAMISH, P. W. Der. Contractor, F. J. ve Lorange, P. (1988), “Joint Venture General Managers in LDCs”, Co-operative Strategies in International Business, Massachusetts: Lexington Boks, Lexington, ss. 279-299.
  • SCHEIN, E. H. (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, Second Edition, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • SCHULER, R. S., JACKSON, S. E., DOWLING, P. J. ve WELCH, D. E. Der. Mendenhall, M. ve Oddou, G. (1991), “The Formation of An International Joint Venture: Davidson Instrument Panel”, International Human Resource Management, Wadsworth Publishing Company, California, ss. 83-96.
  • SHENKAR, O. (2001), “Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32(3), ss. 519-535.
  • STOPFORD, J. M. ve WELLS, L. T. (1972), Managaing The Multinational Enterprise, Basic Books, New York.
  • SUN, H. (1999), “Entry Modes of Multinational Corporations into China’ s Market: A Socioeconomic Analysis”, International Journal of Social Economics, 26(5), ss. 642-659.
  • TATOĞLU, E. ve GLAISTER, K. W. (1997), “International Joint Ventures: A Survey of Theoretical Perspectives and Motives”, METU Studies in Development, 24(3), ss. 383-411.
  • TATOĞLU, E. ve GLAISTER, K. W. (1998), “An Analysis of Motives for Western FDI in Turkey”, International Business Review, 7, ss. 203-230.
  • TROMPENAARS, F. (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture Understanding Diversity in Global Business, Irwin Professional Publishing, London.
  • ÜSDİKEN, B. ve GÖKŞEN, N. S. (2000), “Türk Şirket Gruplarında Benzeşme ve Farklılaşma”, 8. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, ss. 233-234.
  • WHITLEY, R. (1998), “Internatlization and Varieties of Capitalism: The Limited Effects of Cross-National Coordination of Economic Activities on the Nature of Business Systems”, Review of International Political Economy, 5(3), ss. 445-481.
  • YAN, Y. (2003), “A Comparative Study of Human Resource Management Practices in International Joint Ventures: The Impact of National Orijin”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(4), ss. 487-510.
  • YAN, Y. ve CHILD, J. (2004), “Investors’ Resource Commitments and Information Reporting Systems: Control in International Joint Ventures”, Journal of Business Research, 57, ss. 361-371.
  • YAN, Y. ve GRAY, B. (1994), “Bargaining Power, MAnagement Control and Performance in International Joint Ventures: Development and Test of A Negotiation Model”, Academy of Management Journal, 37 (6), ss. 1478-1517.
  • YAN, Y. ve GRAY, B. (2001), “Antecedents and Effects of Parent Control in International Joint Ventures”, Journal of Management Studies, 38 (3), ss. 393-416.
APA İLHAN NAS T (2007). Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. , 122 - 148.
Chicago İLHAN NAS TÜLAY Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. (2007): 122 - 148.
MLA İLHAN NAS TÜLAY Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. , 2007, ss.122 - 148.
AMA İLHAN NAS T Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. . 2007; 122 - 148.
Vancouver İLHAN NAS T Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. . 2007; 122 - 148.
IEEE İLHAN NAS T "Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi." , ss.122 - 148, 2007.
ISNAD İLHAN NAS, TÜLAY. "Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi". (2007), 122-148.
APA İLHAN NAS T (2007). Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7(13), 122 - 148.
Chicago İLHAN NAS TÜLAY Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 7, no.13 (2007): 122 - 148.
MLA İLHAN NAS TÜLAY Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol.7, no.13, 2007, ss.122 - 148.
AMA İLHAN NAS T Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2007; 7(13): 122 - 148.
Vancouver İLHAN NAS T Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2007; 7(13): 122 - 148.
IEEE İLHAN NAS T "Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi." Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 7, ss.122 - 148, 2007.
ISNAD İLHAN NAS, TÜLAY. "Uluslararası Ortak Girişimlerde Mülkiyet Yapısı Yönetsel Kontrol Düzeyinin ve Kültürel Farklılıkların Etkisi". Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 7/13 (2007), 122-148.