Yıl: 2004 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 119 - 132 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları

Öz:
Akdeniz iklimlerinin tipik bir özelliği olan yaz kuraklığı, Akdeniz havzasına bu yönde uyumsal özellikleri olan bitki türlerinin yerleşmesine neden olmuştur. Yaz kuraklığı ve havzaya erken dönem insan yerleşimi, bu bölgede yangın sıklığını artıran etmenler olduğundan Akdeniz havzasında bulunan bitki türleri yangına karşı da bazı uyumsal özellikler geliştirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Akdeniz havzası bitkilerinin kuraklığa ve yangına karşı geliştirmiş oldukları uyumsal ya da önuyumsal özellikler, bu iki ekolojik etmen ve insan etkisi gözönüne alınarak irdelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelime: yaz yangın kırsal yerleşim uyum yakma uyum yeteneği Akdeniz Bölgesi stres faktörleri yangın etkisi iklime uyum insan davranışları bitki ekolojisi kuraklık

Adaptations of plants to drought and fire in Mediterranean basin

Öz:
Summer drought, a typical property of Mediterranean climates, cause that plant species which have adaptations to drought could be established to Mediterranean basin. Since summer drought and early human settlement to the basin are factors increasing fire frequency in this region, Mediterranean plant species also evolved adaptations to survive fire. In this review, adaptations or pre-adaptations of Mediterranean basin plants evolved against drought and fire discussed with taking into consider these two ecological factors and also human effect.
Anahtar Kelime: acclimatization human behaviour plant ecology drought summer fires rural settlement adaptation burning adaptability Mediterranean Region stress factors fire effects

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • TÜRKAN, İ., TOKUR, S., ÖZTÜRK, M., Akdeniz ekosistemleri, Doğa Bilim Dergisi, A2, 9, 3, 1985.
  • BEEBY, A., BRENNAN, A.-M., First Ecology, Chapman & Hall, London, 1997.
  • EROL, O., Genel Klimatoloji, Çantay Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1999.
  • AKMAN, Y., İklim ve Biyoiklim: Biyoiklim metodları ve Türkiye iklimleri, Kariyer Matbaacılık Ltd.Şti., Ankara, 1999.
  • AKMAN, Y., Biyocoğrafya, Palme Yayınları, Ankara, 1993.
  • ERİNÇ, S., Klimatoloji ve Metodlan, Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım, İstanbul, 1996.
  • PAUSAS, J.G., Mediterranean vegetation dynamics: modelling problems and functional types, Plant Ecology, 140, 27-39, 1999.
  • BARBOUR, M.G., MINNICH, R.A., The myth of chaparral convergence, Israel Journal of Botany, 39, 453-463, 1990.
  • MOONEY, H.A., DUNN, E.L., Convergent evolution of Mediterranean-climate evergreen sclerophyll shrubs, Evolution, 24, 292-303, 1970.
  • KEELEY, J.E., BAER-KEELEY, M., Role of charred wood, heat-shock, and light in germination of postfire phrygana species from the eastern Mediterranean basin, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 47, 11-16,1999.
  • AXELROD, D.I., Evolution and biogeography of Madrean-Tethyan sclerophyll vegetation, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 62, 2, 280-334, 1975.
  • KALABOKIDIS, K.D., Wildland fire management: art or science? in EFTICHIDIS, G., BALABANIS, P., GHAZI, A. (eds) Wildfire Management (Proceedings of the Advanced Study Course held in Marathon, Greece, 6-14 October 1997), Algosystems SA & European Commission DGXII, Athens, pp. 3-8, 1999.
  • CHRISTENSEN, N.L., The Effects of Fire on Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils in Mediterranean-Climate Shrublands, in MORENO, J.M., OECHEL, W.C. (eds) The Role of Fire in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 79-95, 1994.
  • PAUSAS, J.G., VALLEJO, R., The role of fire in European Mediterranean ecosystems, in CHUVIECO, E. (ed.) Remote sensing of large wildfires in the European Mediterranean basis, pp. 3-16, Springer, Berlin, 1999.
  • NEYİŞÇİ, T., Orman yangınlarına ekolojik yaklaşım, Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, 1,26-29, 1988.
  • KIŞLALIOĞLU, M., BERKES, F., Ekoloji ve Çevre Bilimleri, Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1994.
  • PEŞMEN, H., OFLAS, S., Ege bölgesi orman yangın alanlarında beliren ilk vejetasyon üzerinde fenolojik araştırmalar, E.Ü. Fen Fak. İlmi Raporlar, no: 112, 29 sf., 1971.
  • ATALAY, L, The paleogeography of the Near East (from late Pleistocene to early Holocene) and human impact, Ege University Press, Bornova, İzmir, 1992.
  • AKMAN, Y., KETENOĞLU, O., KURT, L., EVREN, H., DÜZENLİ, S., Çevre Kirliliği-Çevre Biyolojisi,Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2000.
  • WHELAN, R.J., The Ecology of Fire, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1995.
  • WRIGHT, H.A., BAILEY, A.W., Fire Ecology: United States and Southern Canada, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1982.
  • BOTELHO, H.S., FERNANDES, P.M., Controlled burning in the Mediterranean countries of Europe, in EFTICHIDIS, G., BALABANIS, P., GHAZI, A. (eds) Wildfire Management (Proceedings of the Advanced Study Course held in Marathon, Greece, 6-14 October 1997), Algosystems S A & European Commission DGXII, Athens, pp. 163-170, 1999.
  • CHRISTENSEN, N.L., Shrubland Fire Regimes and Their Evolutionary Consequences, in PICKETT, S.T.A., WHITE, P.S. (eds) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, Academic Press, pp. 85-100, London,1985.
  • NEYİŞÇİ, T., Kızılcamın ekolojisi, in: ÖKTEM, E. (ed.) Kızılcam, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, El Kitabı Dizisi, No:2, sf. 23-56, 1987.
  • THANOS, C.A., Fire effects on forest vegetation, the case of Mediterranean pine forests in Greece, pp.323-334. In: EFTICHIDIS, G., BALABANIS, P., GHAZI, A. (eds), Wildfire Management (Proceedings of the Advanced Study Course held in Marathon, Greece, 6-14 October 1997), Algosystems SA & European Commission DGXII, Athens, pp. 323-336, 1999.
  • ERON, Z., GÜRBÜZER, E., Marmaris 1979 yılı orman yangını ile toprak özelliklerinin değişimi ve kızılcam gençliğinin gelişimi arasındaki ilişkiler, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülten, no:195, Ankara, 1988.
  • TRABAUD, L., Postfire Plant Community Dynamics in the Mediterranean Basin, in MORENO, J.M., OECHEL, W.C. (eds) The Role of Fire in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, pp. 1-15, Springer-Verlag,New York, 1994.
  • RIDLEY, M., Evolution, Blackwell Science, USA, 1996.
  • PAUSAS, J.G., Resprouting of Quercus suber in NE Spain after fire, Journal of Vegetation Science, 8,703-706, 1997.
  • NEYİŞÇİ, T., Ecological adaptive traits of Pinus brutia Ten. to fires, in Uluslararası Kızılcam Sempozyumu Bildirileri, T.C. Orman Bakanlığı, Marmaris, 18-23 Ekim 1993, sf. 78-84, 1993.
  • CLIMENT, J., GIL, L., Life history of Canary Island Pine (Pinus canariensis Chr. Sm. ) in its natural range of distribution, in Abstract book of MEDPINE 2 (International Conference on Conservation, Regeneration and Restoration of Mediterranean Pines and their Ecosystems), 8-13 September, Chania, Crete, Greece, 2002.
  • GRATANI, L., AMADORI, M., Post-fire resprouting of shrubby species in Mediterranean maquis,Vegetatio, 96, 137-143,1991.
  • KEELEY, J.E., Seed-germination patterns in fire-prone Mediterranean-climate regions, in ARROYO, M.T.K., ZEDLER, P.H., FOX, M.D. (eds) Ecology and Biogeography of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Chile, California and Australia, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995.
  • WELLS, P.V., The relation between mode of reproduction and extent of speciation in woody genera of the California chaparral, Evolution, 23, 264-267, 1969.
  • LLORET, F., VERDU, M., FLORES-HERNANDEZ, N., VALIENTE-BANUET, A., Fire and resprouting in Mediterranean ecosystems insights from an external biogeographical region, the mexical shrubland, American Journal of Botany, 86, 1655-1661, 1999.
  • VALBUENA, L., TARREGA, R., The influence of heat and mechanical scarification on the germination capacity of Quercus pyrenaica seeds, New Forests, 16, 177-183, 1998.
  • THANOS, C.A., GEORGHIOU, K., Ecophysiology of fire-stimulated seed germination in Cistus incanus ssp. creticus (L.) Heywood and C. salvifolius L., Plant, Cell and Environment, 11, 841-849, 1988.
  • TRABAUD, L., OUSTRIC, J., Heat requirements for seed germination of three Cistus species in the garrigue of southern France, Flora, 183, 321-325, 1989.
  • CORRAL, R., PITA, J.M., PEREZ-GARCIA, F., Some aspects of seed germination in four species of Cistus L., Seed Science and Technology, 18, 321-325, 1990.
  • HERRANZ, J.M., FERRANDIS, P., MARTINEZ-SANCHEZ, J.J., Influence of heat on seed germination of seven Mediterranean Leguminosae species, Plant Ecology, 136, 95-103, 1998.
  • KEELEY, J.E., MORTON, B.A., PEDROSA, A., TROTTER, P., Role of alleolopathy, heat and charred wood in the germination of chaparral herbs and suffrutescents, Journal of Ecology, 73, 445-458, 1985.
  • KEELEY, S.C., PIZZORNO, M., Charred wood stimulated germination of two fire-following herbs of the California chaparral and the role of hemicellulose, American Journal of Botany, 73, 9,1289-1297, 1986.
  • KEELEY, J.E., FOTHERINGHAM, C.J., Trace gas emissions and smoke-induced seed germination,Science, 276, 1248-1250, 1997.
  • KEELEY, J.E., FOTHERINGHAM, C.J., Smoke-induced seed germination in California chaparral, Ecology, 79, 7, 2320-2336, 1998.
  • KEELEY, J.E., BOND, W.J., Convergent seed germination in South African fynbos and Californian chaparral, Plant Ecology, 133, 153-167, 1997.
  • KEELEY, J.E., FOTHERINGHAM, C.J., Mechanism of smoke-induced seed germination in a post-fire chaparral annual, Journal of Ecology, 86, 27-36, 1998.
  • NE'EMAN, G., MEIR, I., NE'EMAN, R., The effect of ash on the germination and early growth of shoots and roots of Pinus, Cistus and annuals, Seed Science and Technology 21, 339-349, 1993.
  • NE'EMAN, G., MEIR, I., NE'EMAN, R., The influence of pine ash on the germination and early growth of Pinus halepensis Mill, and Cistus salviifolius L., Water Science and Technology, 27, 7-8, 525-532, 1993.
  • HENIG-SEVER, N., ESHEL, A., NE'EMAN, G., Regulation of the germination of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) by nitrate, ammonium, and giberellin, and its role in post-fire forest regeneration, Physiologia Plantarum, 108, 390-397, 2000.
  • IZHAKI, I., HENIG-SEVER, N., NE'EMAN, G., Soil seed banks in Mediterranean Aleppo pine forests: the effect of heat, cover and ash on seedling emergence, Journal of Ecology, 88, 667-675, 2000.
  • NE'EMAN, G.,HENIG-SEVER, N., ESHEL, A., Regulation of the germination of Rhus coriaria, a post-fire pioneer, by heat, ash, pH, water potential and ethylene, Physiologia Plantarum, 106, 47-52, 1999.
  • ROY, J., ARIANOUTSOU-FARAGGITAKI, M., Light quality as the environmental trigger for the germination of the fire-promoted species Sarcopoterium spinosum L., Flora, 177, 345-349, 1985.
  • THANOS, C.A., SKORDILIS, A., The effects of light, temperature and osmotic stress on the germination of Pinus halepensis and Pinus brutia seeds, Seed Science and Technology, 15, 163-174, 1987.
  • TRABAUD, L., RENARD, P., Do light and litter influence the recruitment of Cistus spp. Stands, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 47, 1-9, 1999.
  • ELER, Ü., Kızılcamda (Pinus brutia Ten.) olgunlaşan kozalaklarda dökülmeyip sonraki yıllara kalan tohum durumu, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Rapor, Cilt: 38, No: 55, sf. 147-168, 1992.
  • BOYDAK, M., Kızılcamın silvikültürel özellikleri, uygulanabilecek gençleştirme yöntemleri ve uygulama esasları, Uluslararası Kızılcam Sempozyumu Bildirileri içinde, T.C. Orman Bakanlığı, Marmaris, 18-23 Ekim 1993, sf. 146-158, 1993.
  • DASKALAKOU, E.N., THANOS, C.A., Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) postfire regeneration: the role of canopy and soil seed banks, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 6, 2, 59-66, 1996.
  • THANOS, C.A., Ecophysiology of Seed Germination in Pinus halepensis and P. brutia, in NE'EMAN, G.,TRAB AUD, L. (eds) Ecology, Biogeography and Management of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia Forest Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin, pp. 37-50, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 2000.
  • THANOS, C.A., DOUSSI, M.A., Post-Fire Regeneration of Pinus brutia Forests, in NE'EMAN, G., TRAB AUD, L. (eds) Ecology, Biogeography and Management of Pinus halepensis and P. brutia Forest Ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin, pp. 291-301, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands,2000.
  • NE'EMAN, G., GOUBITZ, S., Reproductive traits of Pinus halepensis in the light of fire, in Abstract book of MEDPINE 2 (International Conference on Conservation, Regeneration and Restoration of Mediterranean Pines and their Ecosystems), 8-13 September, Chania, Crete, Greece, 2002.
  • TAPIAS, R., GIL, L., PARDOS, J.A., Life histories in Mediterranean pines, in Abstract book of MEDPINE 2 (International Conference on Conservation, Regeneration and Restoration of Mediterranean Pines and their Ecosystems), 8-13 September, Chania, Crete, Greece, 2002.
  • DOUSSI, M.A., THANOS, C.A., The mechanism of cone opening in Pinus halepensis and P. brutia -morphology and physiology, in Abstract book of MEDPINE 2 (International Conference on Conservation, Regeneration and Restoration of Mediterranean Pines and their Ecosystems), 8-13 September, Chania, Crete, Greece, 2002.
  • KEELEY, J.E., ZEDLER, P.H., Evolution of Life Histories in Pinus, in RICHARDSON, D.M. (ed.) Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • TRABAUD, L., OUSTRIC, J., Influence du feu sur la germination des semences de quatre especes ligneuses mediterraneennes a reproduction sexuee olbigatoire, Seed Science and Technology, 17, 589-599,1989.
  • HABROUK, A., RETANA, J., ESPELTA, J.M., Role of heat tolerance and cone protection of seeds in the response of three pine species to wildfires, Plant Ecology, 145, 91-99, 1999.
  • CENGİZ, Y., Sıcaklık ve külün Kızılcam (Pinus brutia Ten.) tohumlarının çimlenme yeteneği ve fidan büyümesi üzerine etkileri, Uluslararası Kızılcam Sempozyumu Bildirileri içinde, T.C. Orman Bakanlığı, Marmaris, 18-23 Ekim 1993, sf. 90-98, 1993.
  • KEELEY, J.E., Smoke-induced flowering in the fire-lily Cyrtanthus ventricosus, South African Journal of Botany, 59, 6, 638, 1993.
  • MUTCH, R.W., Wildland fires and ecosystems - a hypothesis, Ecology, 51, 6, 1046-1051, 1970.
  • TROUMBIS, A.Y., TRABAUD, L., Some questions about flammability in fire ecology, Acta Oecologica/Oecol. Plantarum, 10, 2, 167-175, 1989.
  • SELİK, M., Kızılcam (Pinus brutia Ten.)'in botanik özellikleri üzerinde araştırmalar ve bunların Halepçamı (Pinus halepensis Mili.) vasıfları ile mukayesesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri: A, 8,2, 161-198,1958.
  • THANOS, C.A., MARCOU, S., CHRISTODOULAKIS, D., YANNITSAROS, A., Early post-fire regeneration in Pinus brutia forest ecosystems of Samos Island (Greece), Acta Oecologica/Oecol. Plantarum 10, 1, 79-94, 1989.
  • ESHEL, A., HENIG-SEVER, N., NE'EMAN, G., Spatial variation of seedling distribution in an early Mediterranean pine woodland at the beginning of post-fire succession, Plant Ecology, 148, 175-182, 2000.
  • FERRANDIS, P., DE LAS HERAS, J., MARTINEZ-SANCHEZ, J.J., HERRANZ, J.M.,. Influence of a low-intensity fire on a Pinus halepensis Mill, forest seed bank and its consequences on the early stages of plant succession, Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 49, 105-114, 2001.
  • TAVŞANOĞLU, Ç., Marmaris Milli Parkı'nda Yangın Sonrası Sekonder Bitki Süksesyonu Üzerine Çalışmalar, Bilim Uzmanlığı Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara 2002.
APA Tavşanoğlu Ç, GÜRKAN B (2004). Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. , 119 - 132.
Chicago Tavşanoğlu Çağatay,GÜRKAN Behzat Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. (2004): 119 - 132.
MLA Tavşanoğlu Çağatay,GÜRKAN Behzat Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. , 2004, ss.119 - 132.
AMA Tavşanoğlu Ç,GÜRKAN B Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. . 2004; 119 - 132.
Vancouver Tavşanoğlu Ç,GÜRKAN B Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. . 2004; 119 - 132.
IEEE Tavşanoğlu Ç,GÜRKAN B "Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları." , ss.119 - 132, 2004.
ISNAD Tavşanoğlu, Çağatay - GÜRKAN, Behzat. "Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları". (2004), 119-132.
APA Tavşanoğlu Ç, GÜRKAN B (2004). Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 11(1), 119 - 132.
Chicago Tavşanoğlu Çağatay,GÜRKAN Behzat Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 11, no.1 (2004): 119 - 132.
MLA Tavşanoğlu Çağatay,GÜRKAN Behzat Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, vol.11, no.1, 2004, ss.119 - 132.
AMA Tavşanoğlu Ç,GÜRKAN B Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi. 2004; 11(1): 119 - 132.
Vancouver Tavşanoğlu Ç,GÜRKAN B Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları. Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi. 2004; 11(1): 119 - 132.
IEEE Tavşanoğlu Ç,GÜRKAN B "Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları." Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi, 11, ss.119 - 132, 2004.
ISNAD Tavşanoğlu, Çağatay - GÜRKAN, Behzat. "Akdeniz havzasında bitkilerin kuraklık ve yangına uyumları". Ot Sistematik Botanik Dergisi 11/1 (2004), 119-132.