Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar

ALHAN, Emre; çelik, ümit

Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar

Ümit ÇELİK, (Çukurova Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Adana, Türkiye)

Emre ALHAN (Çukurova Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı, Adana, Türkiye)

Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi

2 1

Yıl: 2008 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 58 - 66 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar

Öz:

Enterokoklar gram pozitif, düşük intrinsik virülanslı fakültatif bakterilerdir. Normal insan florasında kolonize oldukları için, kültürlerin klinikte dikkatli değerlendirilmesi, gereksiz ve potansiyel yan etkili antimikrobiyal kullanımdan kaçınmak için önemlidir. Ayrıca intrensek ve sonradan kazanılmış antibiyotik direncinden dolayı son yıllarda hastane enfeksiyonlarında sıklıkla izole edilmektedirler. Bu yazıda enterokokların genel özellikleri, çocuklardaki klinik tabloları ve tedavi yöntemleri anlatılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları

A difficult pathogen in pediatric infections: Enterococcus

Öz:

Enterococci are gram-positive, facultative bacteria with low intrinsic virulence. Since enterococci constitute part of the normal colonizing flora, careful clinical interpretation of cultures that grow enterococci is paramount to avoid unnecessary and potentially deleterious antimicrobial therapy. Due to the fact that they have intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antimicrobial agents, they have been one of the most frequently isolated microorganisms from hospital infection in recent years.In this article, enterococci bacteria, clinical characteristics in children and treatment were described.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Butler KM. Enterococcal Infection in Children. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Disease 2006; 128-39.
2. Moellering RC. Emergence of Enterococcus as a significant pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 1173-78.
3. Herwaldt LA, Wenzel RP. Dynamics of hospital-acquired infection. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th edition, Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1995: 169-81.
4. Bonten MJ, Willems R, Weinstein RA. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why are they here, and where do they come from? Lancet Infect Dis 2001; 1: 314-25.
5. Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, Boulton ML, Tenover FC, Downes FP, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1342-7.
6. Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, McDougal LK, Chaitram J, McAllister S, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 275-80.
7. Weigel LM, Clewell DB, Gill SR, Clark NC, McDougal LK, Flannagan SE, et al. Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science 2003; 302: 1569-71.
8. Ruoff KL, Maza L, Murtagh MS, et al. Species identities of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol 1990; 28: 435-7.
9. Mascini EM, Troelstra A, Beitsma M, et al. Genotyping and preemptive isolation to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 739-46.
10. Nourse C, Byrne C, Kaufmann M, et al. VRE in the Republic of Ireland: clinical significance, characteristics and molecular similarity of isolates. J Hosp Infect 2000; 44: 288-93.
11. Nourse C, Murphy H, Byrne C, et al. Control of a nosocomial outbreak of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium in a paediatric oncology unit: risk factors for colonisation. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157: 20-7.
12. Luginbuhl LM, Rotbart HA, Facklam RR, et al. Neonatal enterococcal sepsis: case-control study and description of an outbreak. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6: 1022-26.
13. Sohn AH, Garrett DO, Sinkowitz-Cochran RL, et al. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: Results from the first national point-prevalence survey. J Pediatr 2001; 139: 821-7.
14. (www.rivm.nl.earss).
15. LeClerq R, Derlot I, Duval J, et al. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 157-61.
16. Uttley AH, Collins CH, Naidoo J, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1988; 1: 57-8.
17. Rudy M, Zientara M, Bek T, et al. Occurrence of antibiotic resistant enterococci in clinical specimens from a pediatric hospital. Pol J Microbiol 2005; 54: 77-80.
18. Vural T, Şekercioğlu AO, Öğünç D, ve ark. Vankomisine dirençli E. faecium suşu. Ankem Derg, 1999; 13: 1-5.
19. Gonzales RD, Schreckenberger PC, Graham MB, et al. Infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to linezolid. Lancet 2001; 357: 1179.
20. Rahim S, Pillai SK, Gold HS, et al. Linezolid-resistant, vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium infection in patients without prior exposure to linezolid. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 146-8.
21. Krawczyk B, Samet A, Bronk M, et al. Emerging linezolid-resistant vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium from a patient of a haematological unit in Poland. Pol J Microbiol 2004; 53: 193-6.
22. Burleson BS, Ritchie DJ, Micek ST, et al. Enterococcus faecalis resistant to linezolid: case series and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24: 1225-31.
23. Swoboda S, Fritz S, Martignoni ME, et al. Varying linezolid susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates during therapy: a case report. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56: 787-9.
24. Draghi DC, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, et al. In vitro activity of linezolid against key gram-positive organisms isolated in the united states: results of the LEADER 2004 surveillance program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 5024-32.
25. Jones RN, Ross JE, Fritsche TR, et al. Oxazolidinone susceptibility patterns in 2004: report from the Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) Program assessing isolates from 16 nations. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57: 279-87.
26. Arias, CA, Murray, BE UpToDate 13.3. 8-2-2005
27. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically Approved standard. Document M7-A6. Approved Standard Document 2006
28. Arthur M, Molinas C, Depardieu F, et al. Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 117-27.
29. Clark NC, Weigel LM, Patel JB, et al. Comparison of Tn1546-like elements in vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from Michigan and Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 470-2.
30. Başustaoğlu A. Enterokoklarda antibakteriyel direnç mekanizmaları ve direnç sorunu. Ed: Ulusoy S, Usluer G, Ünal S. Gram Pozitif Bakteri İnfeksiyonları. Bilimsel Tıp Yayınevi Ankara 2004: 141-58.
31. Honkinen O, Lehtonen OP, Ruuskanen O, et al.Cohort study of bacterial species causing urinary tract infection and urinary tract abnormalities in children. BMJ 1999; 770-71.
32. Bitsori M, Maraki S, Raissaki M, et al. Community-acquired enterococcal urinary tract infections. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 1583-86.
33. Zhanel GG, Hisanaga TL, Laing NM, et al. Antibiotic resistance in outpatient urinary isolates: final results from the North American rinary Tract Infection Collaborative Alliance (NAUTICA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26: 380-88.
34. 39- Farrell DJ, Morrissey I, De RD, et al. A UK multicentre study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection. J Infect 2003; 46: 94-100.
35. Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, et al. Nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Pediatrics 1999;103:e39.
36. Savas L, Guvel S, Onlen Y, Savas N, Duran N. Nosocomial urinary tract infections: micro-organisms, antibiotic sensitivities and risk factors.West Indian Med J 2006; 55: 188-93.
37. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Higgins RD, et al. Very low birth weight preterm infants with early onset neonatal sepsis: the predominance of gram negative infections continues in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 2002-2003. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 635-9.
38. Stoll BJ, Gordon T, Korones SB, et al. Early-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: a report from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 1996; 129: 72-80.
39. Stoll BJ, Gordon T, Korones SB, et al. Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: a report from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. J Pediatr 1996; 129: 63-71.
40. McNeeley DF, Saint-Louis F, Noel GJ. Neonatal enterococcal bacteremia: an increasingly frequent event with potentially untreatable pathogens. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15: 800-05.
41. Dobson SR, Baker CJ: Enterococcal sepsis in neonates: features by age at onset and occurrence of focal infection. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 165-71.
42. Boulanger JM, Ford-Jones EL, Matlow AG. Enterococcal bacteremia in a pediatric institution: a four-year review.Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 847-56.
43. Christie C, Hammond J, Reising S, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterococcal bacteremia in a pediatric teaching hospital. J Pediatr 1994; 125: 392-9.
44. Das I, Gray J. Enterococcal bacteremia in children: a review of seventy five episodes in a pediatric hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: 1154-8.
45. Sandoe JA, Whitherden IR, Au-Yeung HC, et al. Enterococcal intravascular catheter- related bloodstream infection: management and outcome of 1 consecutive cases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 577-82.
46. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1249-72.
47. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation 2005; 111: 394-434.
48. Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Gerber MA, et al.Unique features of infectiveendocarditis in childhood. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 931-43.
49. Ishiwada N, Niwa K, Tateno S, et al. Causative organism influences clinical profile and outcome of infective endocarditis in pediatric patients and adults with congenital heart disease. Circ J 2005; 69: 1266-70.
50. Carceller A, Lebel MH, Larose G, et al. New trends in pediatric endocarditis. An Pediatr 2005; 63: 396-402.
51. Anon. Bacterial meningitis in Canada: hospitalizations (1994-2001). Can Commun Dis Rep 2005; 31: 241-7.
52. Durand ML, Calderwood SB, Weber DJ, et al. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A review of 493 episodes. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 21-8.
53. van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1849-59.
54. Pintado V, Cabellos C, Moreno S, et al. Enterococcal meningitis: a clinical study of 39 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 2003; 82: 346-64.
55. Freitas MCS, Pacheco-Silva A, Barbosa D, Silbert S, Sader H, Sesso R, Camargo LFA. Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus fecal colonization among kidney transplant patients. BMC Infectious Diseases 2006; 133: 1-7.
56. Bakir M, Bova JL, Newell KA, Millis JM, Buell JF, Arnow PM. Epidemiology and clinical consequences of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in liver transplant patients. Transplantation 2001; 72: 1032-7.
57. Matar MJ, Tarrand J, Raad I, Rolston KV. Colonization and infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus among patients with cancer. AJIC 2006; 34: 534-6.
58. Avery R, Kalaycio M, Pohlman B, Sobecks R, Kuczkowski E, Andresen S, Mossad S, Shamp J, Curtis J, Kosar J, Sands K, Serafin M, Bolwell B. Early vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) bacteremia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is associated with a rapidly deteriorating clinical course.Bone Marrow Transplantation 2005; 35: 497-9.
59. Timmers GJ, van der Zwet WC, Simoons-Smit IM, et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a haematology unit: risk factor assessment and successful control of the epidemic. Br J Haematol 2002; 116: 826-33.
60. Martínez Odriozola P, Muñoz Sánchez J, Arriola Martínez P, Lizarralde Palacios E, Santamaría Jáuregui JM, Zuazo Meabe J, Cisterna Cáncer R, de la Villa FM. Enterococcal infective endocarditis: Description of 12 cases. An Med Interna. 2007; 24: 539-42.
61. Ferrieri P, Gewitz MH, Gerber MA, et al: Unique features of infective endocarditis in childhood. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 931-43.
62. Linden PK. Optimizing therapy for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE).) Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 28: 632-45.
63. Pintado V, Cabellos C, Moreno S, et al: Enterococcal meningitis: a clinical study of 39 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 2003; 82: 346-64.
64. Gray JW, Darbyshire PJ, Beath SV, et al. Experience with quinupristin/ dalfopristin in treating infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 234-8.
65. Loeffler AM, Drew RH, Perfect JR, et al. Safety and efficacy of quinupristin/dalfopristin for treatment of invasive Gram-positive infections in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 950-6.
66. Saiman L, Goldfarb J, Kaplan SA, et al. Safety and tolerability of linezolid in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 193-200.
67. Kaplan SL, Deville JG, Yogev R, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin for treatment of resistant Gram-positive infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 677-86.
68. Kaplan SL. Use of linezolid in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 870-2.
69. Yogev R, Patterson LE, Kaplan SL, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 172-7.
70. Bishop E, Melvani S, Howden BP, et al. Good clinical outcomes but high rates of adverse reactions during linezolid therapy for serious infections: a proposed protocol for monitoring therapy in complex patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 1599-602.
71. Meissner HC, Townsend T, Wenman W, et al. Hematologic effects of linezolid in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 186-92.
72. Rucker JC, Hamilton SR, Bardenstein D, et al. Linezolid-associated toxic optic neuropathy. Neurology 2006; 66: 595-8.
73. Razonable RR, Osmon DR, Steckelberg JM. Linezolid therapy for orthopedic infections. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79: 1137-44.
74. De Vriese AS, Coster RV, Smet J, et al. Linezolid-induced inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 1111-7.
75. Poulakou G, Giamarellou H. Oritavancin: a new promising agent in the treatment of infections due to Gram-positive pathogens. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2008; 17: 225-43.

APA	çelik ü, ALHAN E (2008). Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. , 58 - 66.
Chicago	çelik ümit,ALHAN Emre Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. (2008): 58 - 66.
MLA	çelik ümit,ALHAN Emre Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. , 2008, ss.58 - 66.
AMA	çelik ü,ALHAN E Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. . 2008; 58 - 66.
Vancouver	çelik ü,ALHAN E Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. . 2008; 58 - 66.
IEEE	çelik ü,ALHAN E "Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar." , ss.58 - 66, 2008.
ISNAD	çelik, ümit - ALHAN, Emre. "Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar". (2008), 58-66.

APA	çelik ü, ALHAN E (2008). Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi, 2(2), 58 - 66.
Chicago	çelik ümit,ALHAN Emre Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi 2, no.2 (2008): 58 - 66.
MLA	çelik ümit,ALHAN Emre Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi, vol.2, no.2, 2008, ss.58 - 66.
AMA	çelik ü,ALHAN E Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi. 2008; 2(2): 58 - 66.
Vancouver	çelik ü,ALHAN E Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar. Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi. 2008; 2(2): 58 - 66.
IEEE	çelik ü,ALHAN E "Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar." Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi, 2, ss.58 - 66, 2008.
ISNAD	çelik, ümit - ALHAN, Emre. "Pediatrik enfeksiyonlarda zorlu patojen: Enterokoklar". Çocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi 2/2 (2008), 58-66.