Yıl: 2009 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 29 - 53 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey

Öz:
Eski bir adayayı olan Doğu Pontidler’in batı kısmında yer alan Ulubey (Ordu) yöresindeki çarpışma sonrası Tersiyer yaşlı volkanik kayaçlar dört takıma ayrılmıştır. Yenisayaca bazaltı plajiyoklas (An61–83), klinopiroksen $(Wo_{42-44}En_{39-41}Fs_{15-18})$ ve olivine fenokristalleri ve titanomagnetit içerirken, Çatal Tepe ve Elekçioğlu Tepe takımı (ÇES), Işık Tepe takımı ve andezit/trakiandezit takımını oluşturan kayaçlar ise plajiyoklas $(An_{23-78})$, klinopiroksen $(Wo_{27-48}En_{37-55}Fs_{11-26})$, hornblend (Mg#= 0.63–0.76), biyotit (Mg#= 0.63–0.82), sanidin fenokristalleri, titanomagnetit ve apatit içermektedir. Petrokimyasal verilere göre, kayaçlar toleyitik-alkalenden kalk-alkalene kadar değişen karaktere sahip olup, orta-yüksek-K içerirler. Örneklerin çoğunun düşük Mg-numarası ile Cr ve Ni içeriklerine sahip olması, bu kayaçların mantodan türemiş ergiyiklerden itibaren önemli derecede ayrımlaşmaya uğradıklarını göstermektedir. Harker diyagramlarına göre, Yenisayaca bazaltı’nda klinopiroksen ± plajiyoklas ± magnetit ayrımlaşması, Çatal Tepe ve Elekçioğlu Tepe takımı (ÇES), Işık Tepe takımı ve andezit/trakiandezit takımını oluşturan kayaçlarda ise hornblend + biyotit + plajiyoklas ± magnetit ± apatit ± sanidin ayrımlaşması etkili olmuştur. Ulubey (Ordu) yöresi volkanitlerinin N-tipi Okyanus Ortası Sırtı Bazaltı (N-Type MORB)’na normalize edilmiş iz element dağılımlarına göre, Ulubey yöresi volkanik kayaçları özellikle büyük iyon yarıçaplı litofil element ve daha az oranda Th ve Ce konsantrasyonları bakımından zenginleşme, fakat Zr, Y ve TiO2 konsantrasyonları bakımından tüketilme göstermektedirler. Buna ilaveten, kayaçların büyük iyon yarıçaplı litofil elementlere kıyasla azalan Nb ve Ta içerikleri, orta derecede HNTE (hafif nadir toprak element) /ANTE (ağır nadir toprak element) oranları ve yüksek Th/Yb oranları; volkanitlerin köken magmasının muhtemelen daha önceden akışkanlar tarafından metazomatizmaya uğratılmış zenginleşmiş bir kaynak bölgeden (muhtemelen litosferik manto) türeyebileceklerini ifade etmektedir. C1-kondrite normalize edilmiş nadir toprak element dağılımları, düşük-orta derecede zenginleşmeyle konkav şekilli olup, Yenisayaca Bazaltı ile Çatal Tepe ve Elekçioğlu Tepe takımı (ÇES), Işık Tepe takımı ve andezit/trakiandezit takımını oluşturan kayaçların benzer kaynaklardan itibaren oluştuğunu düşündürmektedir. Nadir toprak element dağılımlarında gözlenen negatif Eu anomalisi, kayaçların gelişiminde plajiyoklas ayrımlaşmasının etkili olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • ADAMIA, S.A., LORDKIPANIDZE, M.B. & ZAKARIADZE, G.S. 1977. Evolution of an active continental margin as examplified by the Alpine history of the Caucasus. Tectonophysics 40, 183–199.
  • AĞAR, U. 1977. Demirözü (Bayburt) ve Köse (Kelkit) Bölgesinin Jeolojisi [Geology of Demirözü (Bayburt) and Köse (Kelkit) Region]. PhD Thesis, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
  • AKIN, H. 1978. Geologie, Magmatismus und Lager-staettenbidung im ostpontischen Gebirge-Turkei aus der Sicht der Plattentektonik. Geologische Rundschau 68, 253–283.
  • AKINCI, Ö.T. 1984. The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits. In: DIXON, J.E. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. (eds), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 17, 415–428.
  • ARSLAN, M. & ALİYAZICIOĞLU, İ. 2001. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Kale (Gümüşhane) volcanic rocks: implications for the Eocene evolution of eastern Pontide arc volcanism, northeast Turkey. International Geology Review 43, 595–610.
  • ARSLAN, M. & ASLAN, Z. 2006. Mineralogy, petrography and whole-rock geochemistry of the Tertiary granitic intrusions in the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 177–193.
  • ARSLAN, M., ASLAN, Z., ŞEN, C. & HOSKIN, P.W.O. 2000. Constraints on petrology and petrogenesis of Tertiary volcanism in the Eastern Pontide paleo-arc system, NE Turkey. 10th V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Journal of Conference Abstracts 5, 157–158.
  • ARSLAN, M., BOZTUĞ, D., ŞEN, C., KOLAYLI, H., TEMİZEL, İ. & ABDİOĞLU, E. 2007a. Doğu Pontidler Güney Zonu Eosen Volkanizmasının Petrojenezi ve Jeodinamik Konumunun İncelenmesi [Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Evolution of the Southern Zone Eocene Volcanism, Eastern Pontides]. Tübitak-ÇAYDAG Project no: 103Y012 [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
  • ARSLAN, M., BOZTUĞ, D., TEMİZEL, İ., KOLAYLI, H., ŞEN, C., ABDİOĞLU, E., RUFFET, G. & HARLAVAN, Y. 2007b. $^{40}Ar/^{39}Ar$ geochronology and Sr- Pb isotopic evidence of post-collisional extensional volcanism of the eastern Pontide paleo-arc, NE Turkey. Special Supplement, 17th Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Geochronology of Tectonic Processes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71,15S, A38.
  • ARSLAN, M., HOSKIN, P.W.O. & ASLAN, Z. 2001. Continental crust formation and thermal consequences of Cenozoic thickening of the Eastern Pontides Tectonic unit: Preliminary temporal constraints and implications. Fourth International Turkish Geology Symposium, Adana, Turkey, Abstracts, p. 121.
  • ARSLAN, M., KOLAYLI, H. & TEMİZEL, İ. 2004. Petrographical, geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Güre (Giresun, NE Turkey). Yerbilimleri (Earth Sciences) 30, 1–21 [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • ARSLAN, M., TEMİZEL, İ. & ABDİOĞLU, E. 2002. Subduction input versus source enrichment and role of crustal thickening in the generation of Tertiary magmatism in the Pontide paleo-arc setting, NE Turkey. In: DE VIVO, B. & BODGAR, R.J. (eds), Workshop-Short Course on Volcanic Systems, Geochemical and Geophysical Monitoring, Melt inclusions: Methods, Applications and Problems, Napoli, Italy, 13–16.
  • ARSLAN, M., TÜYSÜZ, N., KORKMAZ, S. & KURT, H. 1997. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the eastern Pontide volcanic rocks, Northeast Turkey. Chemie der Erde 57, 157–187.
  • AYDIN, F. 2004. Mineral Chemistry, Petrology and Petrogenesis of the Değirmendere Valley Volcanics (Trabzon-Esiroğlu, NE-Türkiye). PhD Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Trabzon, Turkey [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
  • BACON, C.R. & HIRSCHMANN, M.M. 1988. Mg/Mn partitioning as a test for equilibrium between coexiting Fe-Ti oxides. American Mineralogist 73, 57–61.
  • BINDEMAN, I.N., EILER, J.M., YOGODZINSKI, G., TATSUMI, Y., STERN, C., GROVE, T., PORTNYAGIN, M., HOERNLE, K. & DANYUSHEVSKY, L. 2005. Oxygen isotope evidence for slab melting in modern and ancient subduction zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235, 436–480.
  • BORG, L.E., CLYNNE, M.A. & BULLEN, T.D. 1997. The variable role of slabderived fluids in the generation of a suite of primitive calc-alkaline lavas from the southernmost Cascades, California. Canadian Mineralogist 35, 425–452.
  • BOZTUĞ, D. 2008. Petrogenesis of the Kösedağ Pluton, Suşehri, NE Sivas, East-Central Pontides, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 17, 241–262.
  • BOZTUĞ, D., ERÇİN, A.İ., KURUÇELİK, M. K., GÖÇ, D., KÖMÜR, İ. & İSKENDEROĞLU, A. 2006. Geochemical characteristics of the composite Kaçkar batholith generated in a Neo-Tethyan convergence system, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 286–302.
  • BOZTUĞ, D. & HARLAVAN, Y. 2008. K-Ar ages of granitoids unravel the stages of Neo-Tethyan convergence in the Eastern Pontides and central Anatolia, Turkey, International Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 585–599.
  • BOZTUĞ, D., JONCKHEERE, R.C., ARSLAN, M., ŞEN, C., KARSLI, O. & ERÇİN, A.İ. 2005a. Eocene slab break-off revealed by the E–W distribution of the multi-sourced granitoids and tectonic denudation in the eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geophysical Research Abstracts 7, 02129, 2005. SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU05-A-02129.
  • BOZTUĞ, D., JONCKHEERE, R.C., ENKELMANN, E., RATSCHBACHER, L. & WAGNER. G.A. 2005b. Geodynamic implications of rapid denudation of the granitoids at about 50 and 20 Ma in the eastern Pontides, Turkey: apatite fission-track results. Supplement 1, Goldschmidt Conference Abstract, Geochronology of Tectonic Processes, A 300. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 10.
  • BOZTUĞ, D., JONCKHEERE, R.C., WAGNER, G.A., ERÇİN, A.İ. & YEĞİNGİL, Z. 2007. Titanite and zircon fission-track dating resolves successive igneous episodes in the formation of the composite Kaçkar batholith in the Turkish Eastern Pontides. International Journal of Earth Sciences 96, 875–886.
  • BOZTUĞ, D., JONCKHEERE, R., WAGNER, G.A. & YEĞİNGİL, Z. 2004. Slow Senonian and fast Palaeocene–Early Eocene uplift of the granitoids in the Central Eastern Pontides, Turkey: apatite fissiontrack results. Tectonophysics 382, 213–228.
  • CHURIKOVA, T., DORENDORF, F. & WORNER, G. 2001. Sources and fluids in the mantle wedge below Kamchatka, Evidence from across-arc geochemical variation. Journal of Petrology 42, 1567–1593.
  • CONDIE, K. 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104, 1–37.
  • CONDIE, K.C., BONNIE, A.F. & KERRICH, R. 2002. The 1.75-Ga Iron King Volcanics in west-central Arizona: a remnant of an accreted oceanic plateau derived from a mantle plume with a deep depleted component. Lithos 64, 49–62.
  • ÇAMUR, M.Z., GÜVEN, İ.H. & ER, M. 1996. Geochemical characteristics of the eastern Pontide volcanics: an example of multiple volcanic cycles in arc evolution. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 5, 123– 144.
  • ELBURG, M.A., BERGEN, M.V., HOOGEWERFF, J., FODEN, J., VROON, P., ZULKARNAIN, I. & NASUTION, A. 2002. Geochemical trends across an arc-continent collision zone: magma sources and slab-wedge transfer processes below the Pantar Strait volcanoes, Indonesia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 2771–2789.
  • EWART, A. 1982. The mineralogy and petrology of Tertiary–Recent orogenic volcanic rocks: with special reference to the andesiticbasaltic compositional range. In: THORPE, R.S. (ed), Andesites. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 25–95.
  • GEORGE, R., TURNER, S., HAWKESWORTH, C., NYE, C., BACON, C., STELLING, P. & DREHER, S. 2004. Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Aleutian arc. Journal of Petrology 45, 203–219.
  • GÜVEN, İ.H. 1993. Doğu Pontidler’in 1:25000 Ölçekli Jeolojisi ve Kompilasyonu [1:25000 Scale Geology and Compilation of the Eastern Pontide]. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) of Turkey, Ankara [unpublished].
  • HOCHSTAEDTER, A.G., GILL, J.B., TAYLOR, B., ISHIZUKA, O., YUASA, M. & MORITA, S. 2000. Across-arc geochemical trends in the Izu-Bonin arc: constraints on source composition and mantle melting. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 495–512.
  • HOFFMANN, A.W. 1988. Chemical differentiation of the Earth. The relationship between mantle, continental crust and oceanic crust. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90, 297–314.
  • IRVINE, T.N. & BARAGAR, W.R.A. 1971. A guide to the chemical classification of common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8, 523–548.
  • JAHN, B.M., WU, F., LO, C.-H. & TSAI, C.-H. 1999. Crust-mantle interaction induced by deep subduction of the continental crust: geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence from post-collisional mafic-ultramafic intrusions of the northern Dabie complex, central China. Chemical Geology 157, 119–146.
  • JAHN, B.M. & ZHANG, Z.Q. 1984. Archean granulite gneisses from eastern Hebei Province, China: rare earth geochemistry and tectonic implications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 85, 224–243.
  • KAZMIN, V.G., SBORTSHIKOV, I.M., RICOU, L.E., ZONENSHAIN, L.P., BOULIN, J. & KNIPPER, A.L. 1986. Volcanic belts as marker of the Mesozoic– Cenozoic evolution of Tethys. Tectonophysics 123, 123–152.
  • LE MAITRE, R.W., STRECKEISEN, A., ZANETTIN, B., LE BAS, M.J., BONIN, B., BATEMAN, P., BELLIENI, G., DUDEK, A., EFREMOVA, S., KELLER, J., LAMERE, J., SABINE, P.A., SCHMID, R., SORENSEN, H. & WOOLLEY, A.R. 2002. Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms, Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences, Subcommission of the Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • LE ROUX, A.P. 1986. Geochemical correlation between southern African kimberlites and south Atlantic hotspots. Nature 324, 243–245.
  • LEAKE, B.E., WOOLEY, A.R., ARPS, C.E.S., BIRCH, W.D., GILBERT, M.C., GRICE, J.D., HAWTHORNE, F.C., KATO, A., KISCH, H.J., KRIVOVICHEV, V.G., LINTHOUT, K., LAIRD, J., MANDARINO, J., MARESCH, W.V., NICKHEL, E.H., ROCK, N.M.S., SCHUMACHER, J.C., SMITH, D.C., STEPHENSON, N.C.N., UNGARETTI, L., WHITTAKER, E.J.W. & YOUZHI, G. 1997. Nomenclature of amphiboles report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. European Journal of Mineralogy 9, 623–651.
  • LEAT, P.T., RILEY, T.R., WAREHAM, C.D., MILLAR, I.L., KELLEY, S.P. & STOREY, B.C. 2002. Tectonic setting of primitive magmas in volcanic arcs: an example from the Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 31–44.
  • MACHADO, A., LIMA, E.F., CHEMALE, JR., F., LIZ, J.D. & AVILLA, J.N. 2001. Quimica mineral das rochas vulcanicas da Peninsula Fildes (Ilha Rei George), Antartica. Revista Brasileira de Geosciencias 31, 291–298.
  • MADEN, N., GELİŞLİ, K., EYÜBOĞLU, Y. & BEKTAŞ, O. 2009. Two-and-threedimensional crustal thickness of the eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences [in press].
  • MCDERMOTT, F., DELFIN, F.G., DEFANT, M.J., TURNER, S. & MAURY, R. 2005. The petrogenesis of magmas from Mt. Bulusan and Mayon in the Bicol arc, the Philippines. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150, 652–670.
  • MCDONOUGH, W.F. 1991. Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and isolation of its residual eclogitic lithology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 335A, 407–418.
  • MORIMOTO, M. 1988. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine 52, 535–550.
  • OKAY, A.İ. & ŞAHİNTÜRK, Ö. 1997. Geology of the eastern Pontides. In: ROBINSON, A.G. (ed), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Memoir 68, 291–311.
  • ÖZSAYAR, T., PELİN, S. & GEDİKOĞLU, A. 1981. Doğu Pontidler’de Kretase. KTÜ Yer Bilimleri Dergisi 2, 65–114.
  • PEARCE, J.A. 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: HAWKESWORTH, C.J. & NORRY, M.J. (eds), Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Shiva, Cheshire 230–249.
  • PEARCE, J.A. & PEATE, D.W. 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science Letters 23, 251–285.
  • ROGERS, N.W., HAWKESWORTH, C.J. & ORMEROD, D.S. 1995. Late Cenozoic basaltic magmatism in the Western Great Basin, California and Nevada. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 10287–10301.
  • ROBINSON, A.G., BANKS, C.J., RUTHERFORD, M.M. & HIRST, J.P.P. 1995. Stratigraphic and structural development of the eastern Pontides, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 861–872.
  • SCHIANO, P., CLOOCHIATTI, R., SHIMIZU, N., MAURY, R.C., JOCHUM, K.P. & HOFMANN, A.W. 1995. Hydrous, silica rich melts in the sub-arc mantle and their relationship with erupted arc lavas. Nature 377, 595–600.
  • SCHMIDBERGER, S.S. & HEGNER, E. 1999. Geochemistry and isotope systematics of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Saar-Nahe basin (SW Germany)-implications for Late-Variscan orogenic development. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 135, 373–385.
  • ŞEN, C. 2007. Jurassic volcanism in the Eastern Pontides: is it rift related or subduction related? Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 523–539.
  • ŞEN, C., ARSLAN, M. & VAN. A. 1998. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of the Pontide Eocene (?) alkaline province, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 7, 231–239.
  • ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. & YILMAZ, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–241.
  • SUN, S.S. & MCDONOUGH, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: SAUNDERS, A.D. & NORRY, M.J. (eds), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 42, 313–345.
  • TAYLOR, S.R. & MCLENNAN, S.M. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Scientific Publication, Oxford, 312.
  • TEMİZEL, İ. 2002. Petrographical, Geochemical and Petrological Investigation of the İkizce (Ünye-Ordu) Area Volcanic Rocks. MSc Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Trabzon [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
  • TEMİZEL, İ. & ARSLAN, M. 2002. Geochemical and petrological characteristics of İkizce (Ordu) area volcanic rocks: evidences on the evolution of eastern Pontides Tertiary Volcanism, NE Turkey. 1st International Symposium of the Faculty of Mines (İTÜ) on Earth Sciences and Engineering, İstanbul, p. 90.
  • TEMİZEL, İ. & ARSLAN, M. 2003. Geochemical modelling of magmatic processes in the evolution of Tertiary volcanics in the İkizce (Ünye- Ordu) area, NE-Turkey. Süleyman Demirel University, Journal of Science Institute Special Publication 7, 161–177 [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • TEMİZEL, İ. & ARSLAN, M. 2005. Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of Tertiary calc-alkaline volcanic rocks in the İkizce (Ordu) area, NE Turkey. Yerbilimleri (Earth Sciences) 26, 25–47 [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • TEMİZEL, İ. & ARSLAN, M. 2008. Petrology and geochemistry of Tertiary volcanic rocks from the İkizce (Ordu) area, NE Turkey: Implications for the evolution of the eastern Pontide paleomagmatic arc. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 31, 439–463.
  • TEMİZEL, İ., ARSLAN, M. & RUFFET, G. 2007. Petrochemical and 40Ar/39Ar geochronogical evidence of postcollisional Tertiary calc-alkaline volcanism in the Ulubey (Ordu), eastern Pontide, NE Turkey. Special Supplement, 17th Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Geochronology of Tectonic Processes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71, 15S, A1013.
  • THIRLWALL, M.F., GRAHAM, A.M., ARCULUS, R.J., HARMON, R.S. & MACPHERSON, C.G. 1996. Resolution of the effects of crustal assimilation, sediment subduction, and fluid transport in island arc magmas: Pb-Sr-Nd-O isotope geochemistry of Grenada, Lesser Antilles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 4785–4810.
  • THIRLWALL, M.F., SMITH, T.E., GRAHAM, A.M., THEODOROU, N., HOLLINGS, P., DAVIDSON, J.P. & ARCULUS, R.J. 1994. High field strength element anomalies in arc lavas; source or process? Journal of Petrology 35, 819–838.
  • THOMPSON, R.N., MORRISON, M.A., HENDRY, G.L. & PARRY, S.J. 1984. An assessment of the relative roles of crust and mantle in magma genesis: an elemental approach. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London A310, 549–590.
  • TOKEL, S. 1977. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Eosen yaşlı kalk-alkalen andezitler ve jeotektonizma [Eocene calc-alkaline andesites and geotectonism in Black Sea Region]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin 20, 49–54 [in Turkish with English abstract].
  • TOKEL, S. 1995. Magmatic and geochemical evolution of the Pontide segment of the Northern Tethys subduction system. In: ERLER, A., ERCAN, T., BİNGÖL, E. & ÖRÇEN, S. (eds), Geology of the Black Sea Region. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey Publications,163–170.
  • TOPUZ, G., ALTHERR, R., KALT, A., SATIR, M., WERNER, O. & SCHWARZ, W. 2004a. Aluminous granulites from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallization. Lithos 72, 183–207.
  • TOPUZ, G., ALTHERR, R., SATIR, M. & SCHWARZ, W. 2004b. Low grade metamorphic rocks from the Pulur complex, NE Turkey: implications for pre-Liassic evolution of the Eastern Pontides. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93, 72–91.
  • TURNER, S.P. 2002. On the time-scales of magmatism at island-arc volcanoes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A360, 2853–2871.
  • TURNER, S.P. 2005. Some remarks on magmatic processes beneath island arc volcanoes. Advances in Science, Earth Sciences. Imperial College Press pp. 131–155.
  • YILMAZ, Y. 1972. Petrology and Structure of the Gümüşhane Granite and Surrounding Rocks, North-Eastern Anatolia. PhD Thesis, University of London [unpublished].
  • YILMAZ, Y., TÜYSÜZ, O., YİĞİTBAŞ, E., GENÇ, Ş.C. & ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. 1997. Geology and tectonics of the Pontides. In: ROBINSON, A.G. (ed), Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. AAPG Memoir 68, 183–226.
  • ZELLMER, G.F., ANNEN, C., CHARLIER, B.L.A., GEORGE, R.M.M., TURNER, S.P. & HAWKESWORTH, C.J. 2005. Magma evolution and ascent at volcanic arcs: constraining petrogenetic processes through rates and chronologies. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 140, 171–191.
  • ZHU, D.C., PAN, G.T., MO, X.X., LIAO, Z.L., JIANG, X.S., WANG, L.Q. & ZHAO, Z. 2006. Petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the Sangxiu Formation, central segment of Tethyan Himalaya: A probable example of plume–lithosphere interaction. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 29, 320–335.
APA TEMİZEL İ, ARSLAN M (2009). Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. , 29 - 53.
Chicago TEMİZEL İrfan,ARSLAN Mehmet Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. (2009): 29 - 53.
MLA TEMİZEL İrfan,ARSLAN Mehmet Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. , 2009, ss.29 - 53.
AMA TEMİZEL İ,ARSLAN M Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. . 2009; 29 - 53.
Vancouver TEMİZEL İ,ARSLAN M Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. . 2009; 29 - 53.
IEEE TEMİZEL İ,ARSLAN M "Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." , ss.29 - 53, 2009.
ISNAD TEMİZEL, İrfan - ARSLAN, Mehmet. "Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey". (2009), 29-53.
APA TEMİZEL İ, ARSLAN M (2009). Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18(1), 29 - 53.
Chicago TEMİZEL İrfan,ARSLAN Mehmet Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18, no.1 (2009): 29 - 53.
MLA TEMİZEL İrfan,ARSLAN Mehmet Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.18, no.1, 2009, ss.29 - 53.
AMA TEMİZEL İ,ARSLAN M Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2009; 18(1): 29 - 53.
Vancouver TEMİZEL İ,ARSLAN M Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2009; 18(1): 29 - 53.
IEEE TEMİZEL İ,ARSLAN M "Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, ss.29 - 53, 2009.
ISNAD TEMİZEL, İrfan - ARSLAN, Mehmet. "Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of post-collisional tertiary mafic to felsic cogenetic volcanics in the Ulubey (Ordu) area, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18/1 (2009), 29-53.