Kadın kanserlerinin görülme sıklığındaki artışgünümüzde bir halk sağlığı haline dönüşmüştür veönemli bir morbidite ve mortalite nedeni olarakkarşımıza çıkmaktadır. Jinekolojik kanserler içerisindeyer alan serviks kanseri taramalarla etkili bir şekildekontrol edilebilen bir kanser türüdür. Servikskanserinin premalign aşamada yakalanmasına,insidans ve mortalite oranlarının düşmesine olanaktanıyan Pap smear tarama testi, uygulanması kolayve maliyet etkin bir testtir. Pap smear testininfarkında olunduğu ve benimsendiği toplumlardaserviks kanseri insidansının önemli ölçüde azaldığıbelirlenmiştir. Pap smear testini yaptırmamak servikskanserinin önlenmesinin önündeki en büyükengeldir. Bir kadın hayatında hiç Pap smear taramasıyaptırmamışsa serviks kanserine yakalanma riski %1oranında artmaktadır. Yetersiz eğitim ve farkındalık,kültürel problemler, ekonomik nedenler, servikskanseri ve jinekolojik muayene hakkındaki yanlışalgı, psikososyal ve demografik özelliklere bağlınedenler kadınların Pap smear testine yaklaşımınıolumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Buna bağlı olarakkadınlar, Pap smear tarama testini ya hiçyaptırmamakta ya da tarama sıklıklarınıaksatmaktadırlar. Bu derleme kadınların Pap smeartestini yaptırmalarının önündeki engelleri ortayakoyma amacıyla yapılmıştır

Today, the increase in the incidence rate of female cancers has become a public health problem and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Cervical cancer, which is among the gynecological cancers, is a type of cancer that can be effectively controlled by screening. The Pap smear screening test, which enables cervical cancer to be diagnosed in the premalignant stage and incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer to decrease, is easy to perform and cost-effective test. It was found that the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased significantly in the communities, where the Pap smear test is known and adopted. Not having a Pap smear test is the biggest obstacle to the prevention of cervical cancer. If a woman has never had a Pap smear in her life, the risk of getting cervical cancer increases by 1%. Inadequate education and awareness, cultural problems, economic reasons, misperception about cervical cancer and gynecological examination, psychosocial and demographic characteristics negatively affect women’s attitude towards Pap smear test. Accordingly, women never have a Pap smear screening test or they do not adhere to recommended screening intervals. This review was carried out to reveal the obstacles preventing women from having a Pap smear test.

: It is known that portage, an occupation as old as human history, remains to be a traditional profession despite technological developments. It is observed that today this occupation has undergone changes in accordance with the conditions of the time, and has become an occupation preferred by unqualified workers and immigrants who migrate to big cities from rural areas as a consequence of urbanization. On the other hand, since portage is unattractive in terms of social prestige and porters are considered to be at the “very bottom” in the hierarchal chain of work life; this community of workers, which constitute a certain part of social mechanism and division of labour, are not recognized enough in the social order. On the overall, this study aims to discuss the activities of the labour force outside the formal economy controlled by the government, and introduce an overview of the employment that is not reflected or completely taken into account in the statistics. The identity of porters, the reasons of why portage is preferred as an occupation, or the socio-economical conditions that create portage as an occupation are analysed from a sociological perspective. The meaning or meanings that correspond to portage as an occupation, the socio-economical situation of the labour force working as porters, and the problems they experience in the face of technological developments are evaluated over the example of Isparta and in accordance with the results obtained from the field study conducted with porters who work in head-end business and discharge.