Yıl: 2009 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 322 - 331 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş

Öz:
Otizmin de içinde bulunduğu yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklar (YGB) iletişim, sosyal biliş ve duygusal işaretlerin işlenmesi gibi kişiler arası ilişkileri oluşturan birçok alanda ciddi ve süregen bozukluklarla karakterize, genetik temelleri olan ve anormal beyin gelişiminin görüldüğü nörogelişimsel hastalıklardır. Otistik bozukluk (OB) ve diğer YGBsi olan çocuklardaki bilişsel yetersizlikler; zihin kuramı bozukluğu, yürütücü işlev bozukluğu ve zayıf merkezi bütünleşme gibi nöropsikiyatrik modellerle açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu makalede YGBde sosyal bilişi açıklamaya çalışan zihin kuramı ve sosyal bilişin nörobiyolojik temellerinin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. OB ve diğer YGBdeki sosyal biliş ve zihin kuramını inceleyen çalışmalara PubMed arama motoru kullanılarak ulaşılmış ve elde edilen veriler bu derleme kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Sosyal biliş, diğerlerinin düşüncelerini ve niyetlerini anlayabilme aracılığıyla onların davranışlarının anlamını çıkarabilme, öngörebilme ve karmaşık sosyal çevreler ile etkileşime girebilme yeteneği olarak tanımlanabilir. Zihin kuramı yetersizliği OBdeki temel sorunlardan biridir ve otizmi olan bireylerde zihinsel süreçlerin kavranmasında, kendi zihinsel temsillerinin ve diğer insanların zihinsel temsillerinin kavranmasında yetersizlik bulunmaktadır. OB olan bireylerde, normalde olması gereken, yüz tanıma, göz göze ilişki kurma, yüzdeki emosyonu okuma gibi, kişilerarası ilişkilerin ve sosyal gruptaki işlevselliğin önemli bir parçası olan sosyal işlevlerin bozukluğu söz konusudur. Sosyal biliş ile ilişkili beyin alanları; frontal lob, temporal lob, ön singulat korteks, fusiform girus, amigdala, ve arka assosiasyon korteksi ile bunların iç bağlantılarıdır. Fusiform girus ve amigdala yüz tanıma ve algılamasında görev alır ve yapılan çalışmalarda özellikle erken gelişim dönemlerinde amigdaladaki bir bozukluğun, ileride yüz kimliği ve yüz ifadelerinin dışavurumunu algılamada sosyal algısal bozukluklara yol açtığından bahsedilmektedir. YGBsi olan bireylerin yüzleri algılarken fusiform girus aktivasyonunda düşüklük saptanmıştır. Amigdalanın fusiform girus üzerine düzenleyici bir etkisi bulunduğundan, amigdala lezyonlarında, emosyon yüklü yüzlere karşı fusiform girusdaki azalmış aktivasyon, amigdaladaki işlevsizliğin derecesiyle bağlantılıdır. Birçok çalışmanın ortak bulgusu, OBdeki fusiform girus hipoaktivasyonunun amigdalaya bağlı bazı süreçlerden kaynaklandığı yönündedir. OB olan bireylerde, gözlerin bakış yönü, hareketleri ve karşıdaki kişinin beden hareketlerinden sosyal uyaranın anlaşılmasında rolü bulunan üst temporal sulkusun hipoaktivasyonu ve anormal hacim ölçümleri saptanmıştır. Temelde bir sosyal biliş bozukluğu olduğunu söyleyebileceğimiz OB, beynin bu sistemlerinin mikroskopik ve/veya makroskopik düzeydeki aksaklıklarına bağlı olarak açığa çıkmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, OB ve diğer YGBde sosyal biliş nörobiyolojisine bakıldığında, erken bebeklikte amigdalada ve amigdalanın fusiform girus, üst temporal sulkusu içeren diğer temporal alanlarla bağlantısında varolan bir bozukluğun, çocuğun yüzlere ve diğer sosyal olarak anlamlı olan uyaranlara karşı ilgisinin azalmasına ya da yok olmasına neden olduğu görülmektedir. Bu da normal uyarana bağlı aktivasyon gerektiren fusiform girus gibi beyin bölgelerinin normal gelişimlerinden sapmasına neden olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Otizmdeki sosyal kognisyon sorunlarının anlaşılması üzerine çalışırken, temelde bilinmesi gereken şey, otizmin bir tek nöroanatomik yapı ya da döngünün hastalığı değil, daha yaygın, birçok nöronal sistemin etkilendiği nörogelişimsel bir bozukluk olduğudur.
Anahtar Kelime: Otistik bozukluk Psikolojik olay ve süreçler Çocuk gelişim bozuklukları, yaygın Zihin Kuramı Bilişsel bilimler Sosyal Bilimler

Konular: Farmakoloji ve Eczacılık

Social cognition in pervasive developmental disorders

Öz:
Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) and autistic disorder (AD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with genetic basis and abnormal brain development, and characterized by severe and permanent deficits in many interpersonal relation areas like communication, social cognition and processing of emotional signs.Cognitive impairments in AD and other PDDs are tried to be explained by neuropsychiatric models like theory of mind deficits, executive dysfunction and weak central coherence. This article aimed to review neurobiological bases of social cognition and theory of mind which try to explain social cognition.PubMed medical search engine was queried to find out the studies and review articles on social cognition and theory of mind in AD and PDDs. Social cognition may be defined as the ability to interact in complex social areas with understanding the others intentions and thoughts. The mind deficit is theorized to be one of the basic difficulties in autism. Individuals with autism have deficits in recognizing mental processes and mental representations of self and others . Patients with AD have deficits in social functions which an important part of interpersonal interactions and functioning within a social group; like face recognition, eye contact and emotional expression recognition. Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, anterior cingulate cortex, fusiform gyrus, amygdala, posterior association cortex and their internal associations are brain areas associated with social cognition. Fusiform gyrus and amygdala are effective in face perception and recognition. Studies suggest that a deficit in amygdala may lead to social perceptional deficits like face identity and emotional expression recognition. It is determined that individuals with PDDs have hypoactivation in fusiform gyrus during perception of faces. Amygdala has a regulatory effect on fusiform gyrus and in lesions of amygdala, the hypoactivation of fusiform gyrus for emotional salient faces are parallel to the level of amygdala lesion. The common result of many studies is that the hypoactivation of fusiform gyrus is based on some processes related to amygdala. Superior temporal sulcus hypoactivations and abnormal volume measures were found in patients with autistic disorder. Superior tempral sulcus has a role in perception of social stimulus from gaze directions, and eye and body movements of others . Autism can be defined as a social cognition disorder and is caused by deficits at microscopic and/or macroscopic levels in these brain systems. The review of the neurobiology of social cognition in AD and other PPDs defisits in amygdala and in connections of amygdala with other temporal areas including fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus in early infancy and that leads to a deficit or absence of infant s interest for faces and other stimuli which are socially significant. This causes abnormal development of brain areas like fusiform gyrus which needs a stimulus dependent activation. When studying social cognition deficits, it is important to note that autism is not a disorder of a unique neuroanatomical system or cyclus; but it is a neurodevelopmental disorder in whichmany pervasive neural systems are affected.
Anahtar Kelime: Cognitive Science Social Sciences Autistic Disorder Psychological Phenomena and Processes Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Theory of Mind

Konular: Farmakoloji ve Eczacılık
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
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APA Özbaran B, KÖSE S, erermiş s (2009). Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. , 322 - 331.
Chicago Özbaran Burcu,KÖSE Sezen Gökçen,erermiş serpil Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. (2009): 322 - 331.
MLA Özbaran Burcu,KÖSE Sezen Gökçen,erermiş serpil Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. , 2009, ss.322 - 331.
AMA Özbaran B,KÖSE S,erermiş s Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. . 2009; 322 - 331.
Vancouver Özbaran B,KÖSE S,erermiş s Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. . 2009; 322 - 331.
IEEE Özbaran B,KÖSE S,erermiş s "Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş." , ss.322 - 331, 2009.
ISNAD Özbaran, Burcu vd. "Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş". (2009), 322-331.
APA Özbaran B, KÖSE S, erermiş s (2009). Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 19(3), 322 - 331.
Chicago Özbaran Burcu,KÖSE Sezen Gökçen,erermiş serpil Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 19, no.3 (2009): 322 - 331.
MLA Özbaran Burcu,KÖSE Sezen Gökçen,erermiş serpil Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, vol.19, no.3, 2009, ss.322 - 331.
AMA Özbaran B,KÖSE S,erermiş s Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni. 2009; 19(3): 322 - 331.
Vancouver Özbaran B,KÖSE S,erermiş s Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni. 2009; 19(3): 322 - 331.
IEEE Özbaran B,KÖSE S,erermiş s "Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş." Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 19, ss.322 - 331, 2009.
ISNAD Özbaran, Burcu vd. "Yaygın gelişimsel bozukluklarda sosyal biliş". Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 19/3 (2009), 322-331.