The notion of human rights is a product of the modernization process and there is a connection between human rights and the modern society, the modern state and the modern law. While the Western European societies, on the one hand, concentrated on capitalist economy and trade activities within the context of developments elucidated in the economic, political, scientific and cultural atmosphere of the modernization process; the authority of the Church, on the other, had been defied by the Reform and Renaissance movements, and the individual was gradually regarded as "free" and "independent". With the impact of new scientific understanding and the Enlightenment philosophy, the individual and the "reason" was attributed preeminent significance due to the belief that the individual had the capacity to uncover all unknown facts of the universe through rational thinking. All these had strengthened the idea that a new law, based on reason and individual, could be established on a secular basis. One of the two fundamental characteristic of this modern jurisprudence is to give emphasis on the individual that had been ignored in the traditional societies. The second characteristic is that it is based more on abstractions compared to the pre-modern legal systems. These two features in question have played a significant role in the development of liberal legal systems which focus on the individual as the main subject of the basic rights and liberties. However, today, the understanding of abstract rights and liberties of modern jurisprudence is being questioned in the sense that there is a demand for some mechanisms which would enable to realize these rights and liberties; and that there is a need for material justice rather than formal justice based on citizenship.