This study was carried out on 114 Brown Swiss cattle reared in intensive conditions at Ataturk University Food and Livestock Application and Research Center and at the private cattle farm found in Erzurum province. Genotypic structures were examined in terms of Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene locus and the distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies of the cattle concerning the genes were determined. The identified Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II genotypes were associated with milk yield traits such as actual milk yield, 305-day, and daily milk yield. Insulin like growth factor (IGF)-II genotypes were determined by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method from blood samples taken from the cattle. The CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies of the Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II gene found in the population were 41 (34%), 65 (54%), and 14 (12%), and the frequency of the C allele and the T allele was found to be 0.61 and to be 0.39. The general averages of actual true milk yield, 305-day and daily milk yield were 4317±272.9 kg, 5277±240.7 kg and 18±0.9 kg, respectively, while CC, CT and TT genotypes 4168±515.8, 3756±321.7 and 5382±600.3 kg, respectively. As a result, correctly identified IGF-II genotypes were detected by using the PCR-RFLP method in the blood samples obtained from Brown Swiss cattle. Genotype and allele frequencies determined for IGF-II gene polymorphism can be considered sufficient to demonstrate the genotype diversity of the race. According to the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium test, the distribution of genotype frequencies of the cattle was observed in equilibrium.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay and urea molasses block on feed intake, digestibility, and body weight change of yearling local sheep fed with grass hay as a basal diet. The rationale for supplementation of alfalfa hay with urea molasses block 1) high-producing animals protein need cannot exclusively met from rumen microbial sources; 2) protein is the most expensive nutrient of ruminant animal feed. Twenty -four yearling intact male local sheep with a mean initial body weight of 23.9±1.9 (Mean ± SD) were used in a completely randomized block design. Treatments were 1% of live weight alfalfa hay (1A), 1.5% of live weight alfalfa hay (1.5A), 2.0% of live weight alfalfa hay (2A), and all three treatments offered with 100g/head/day of Urea-molasses-block (UMB). The control treatment was supplemented with concentrate mix at 2.0% of live weight (C). In addition, all treatments were fed grass hay ad libitum. The study period consisted of 84 days of feeding and 7 days of digestibility tests. Total dry matter intake was 1015.65, 925.41, 956.16, and 1078.13 (SE=± 19.4) for C, 1A, 1.5A, and 2A, respectively and 1A was lower than 2A and similar with 1.5A and C. Apparent crude protein digestibility and Crude protein intake of 2A was statistically similar to C. But, higher than 1A and 1.5A. Average daily gain was 109.33, 54.76, 55.36, and 63.1 (SE=± 6.13) g/day for C, 1A, 1.5A, and 2A, respectively and the values were the highest for C. The study showed that concentrate supplementation at 2% body weight resulted in greater body weight gain, crude prot ein intake and apparent crude protein digestibility. Additionally, the weight gain achieved at all grade levels of alfalfa plus in combination with the same amount of urea molasses block was commendable. But, considering the accessibility and cost of conventional concentrate mixture, 2% of Live Weight Alfalfa hay with 100g/head/day urea molasses block is recommended as an alternative supplement regime for better sheep performance.

The study focused on how farming communities copewith theCOVID-19 pandemic in Akwa Ibom State. Specifically, how farmers are affected by the pandemic, their coping strategies, contributions of extension service towards their adaptation, and the support they need to better adapt to the pandemic were examined. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 300 respondents across the agricultural zones in the study area. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data obtained from the respondents through a well-designed questionnaire. The majority of the respondents have experienced limited access to agricultural inputs (87.9%), limited access to the market (79.6%), unavailability of the labour force at critical times of agricultural production and harvesting (68.7%), health risk and fear (72.6%), increased transportation cost (87.4%), unavailability of facemasks and hand sanitizers (89.1%), dwindling and uncertain finances (92.4%). Majority of the farmers asserted that they had to rely more on the radio (87.6%), religious leaders (67.2%), community leaders (65.4%), and extension agents (45.3%) for COVID-19-related information. They depended more on herbs and traditional medications (72.4%) and had to trek long distances to market farm produce and get inputs (69.7%) to cope with the impact of the pandemic. Contributions from extension services reported by the respondents were majorly from text messages and phone calls. The majority of the respondents solicited regular assessment of COVID-19 impacts in their communities to identify other specific challenges and needs of farmers for a better and timely response.

This study used reports from various bodies to determine the competitiveness of some selected agricultural products between Kenya and other East African Community countries. Agriculture is an important sector in Kenya and the greater East African Community organization as it earns the country foreign exchange through exports. The sector possess considerable potential, and carrying out a competitive study would greatly inform the country’s efforts and policy making processes. The methods used were Market Share Index, Vollrath’s Relative Trade Advantage Indices, and Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage Index. The various countries were compared using calculated indices and ranked accordingly based on their scores and market share percentages. Consequently, Kenya had a competitive advantage and dominated the international markets in tea and crude materials, whereas most East Africa Community member states had a strong comparative advantage in coffee. Generally, to stimulate the agricultural sector and diversify agricultural exports, the Kenyan government and private sector must increase high-level investments in agribusiness and transition from exporting raw materials to value-added products. Developing standard agricultural trade policies would benefit all East African Community member states, which is consistent with their goals.

This study evaluated the possibility to use pomegranate peel: an agro-industrial bay product as a conservative agent for fruit juice. Extraction of active compounds of. Punica granatum L. peels was made by maceration with ethanol and the evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were conducted using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and disk diffusion method in agar medium, while self-life tests of orange juice monitoring the pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, cloud value, browning index and total mesophilic germs were conducted during 18 days. The results highlighted that pomegranate peel extract (PPE) showed a higher phenol and flavonoid content and strong antioxidant activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6.22 μg / mL, as well as the antimicrobial activity indicated a higher inhibitory effect. Furthermore, shelf life tests showed a significant effect on browning index, titratable acidity, and lowering of microbial growth during storage compared to the controls, while pH, total soluble solids, and cloud value are not affected. These results allow us to consider pomegranate peel extract as a potential conservator for healthy and sustainable food.

Vegetables grown in mining areas can accumulate significant amounts of heavy metals (HMs), which can cause serious developmental disorders and have long-term negative effects on public health. In the present study, the HMs contamination level in vegetables grown around the Riruwai mining area in Kano State, Nigeria, was investigated. Fifteen (15) vegetable samples were collected, including lettuce (Lacuta sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), as well as their corresponding soils. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in all the samples were determined using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry, and the measured concentrations were used to calculate the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). The results of the study revealed that HMs concentrations in the investigated vegetables were found to be significantly high, with the majority of levels exceeding the WHO/FAO (2007) recommended limit, and the concentration of HMs in the soil decreased in the order of Zn > Mn > Cr > Pb > As > Ni > Cd > Hg, with As, Pb, and Zn exceeding the WHO/FAO (2001) recommended limit. Pollution levels were found to significantly differ between HMs and vegetable types. BAF results revealed that cadmium is an accumulator of all the studied vegetables (BAFs > 1), while mercury was found to be an accumulator of L. sativa. Higher concentrations of these metals in vegetables and soil, particularly arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc, necessitate immediate scientific attention and further research to determine the optimum concentration required for human health. Planting of vegetables for human and animal consumption should be stopped until this is accomplished.

Technological developments have accelerated the use of information and communication technologies in the agricultural sector as in all other sectors. However, there is still a lack of information in the literature on measuring the level of digital technology usage by farmers. This study will help to eliminate the lack of information on the indicators and their weights that can be used to determine the level of digitalisation of farmers. The aim of the study is to determine the indicators to be used in measuring the level of digital technology use, the sub-dimensions of these indicators, and the weights of these indicators. The constant-sum scale and expert opinions were used to determine the indicators and their weights to be used in measuring the level of digitalisation. The level of agreement of the opinions expressed by different experts about different digitalisation level indicators and their weights was revealed with the help of Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The study results showed that the indicators of internet access facilities, internet speed, smartphone ownership, mobile internet usage, and the ability to use office programs are important variables in measuring the level of digitalisation. The study determined eight main indicators to measure the level of digitalisation and 96 indicators under them, and their weights were put forward. By using the digitalisation indicators and their weights, it will be possible to measure the level of digitalisation in agricultural enterprises reliably.

Rice is the most important staple food crop and plays a vital role in ensuring national food security in Nepal. Rice yield is largely determined by nitrogen management strategy and improving the effectiveness of nitrogenous fertilizer for grain production has long been a challenge. A field experiment was conducted in the sandy loam soil of Lumle, Kaski, Nepal in 2019 and 2020 to assess the effect of neem oil-coated urea (NCU) and common urea (CU) with varying levels of nitrogen (N) on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The experiment with 7 treatments comprising the combinations of two types of nitrogen source (CU and NCU), three N levels (50, 100, and 150 kg/ha) and one control treatment without N, were allocated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Increased nitrogen rates up to 100 kg/ha supplied through NCU significantly improved grain yield, yield components, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. Application of NCU reduced nitrogen fertilizer use by up to 33 % while producing maximum yield and significantly increased agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) compared with CU. This suggests that the use of NCU with an optimum rate can be a viable option for appropriate N management in rice production.

Perishable fresh vegetables that do not meet cosmetic standards and other crop waste rich resources are presently wasted. Mangifera indica leaves, Psidium guajava leaves, Petroselinum crispum leaves and Daucus carota were selected as model vegetables to show that they can be converted into a shelf-stable novel functional powdered product. A novel functional product from a blend of these powdered vegetables (FPPV) was formulated. To evaluate the shelf-life of FPPV. The novel functional product from a blend of powdered vegetables (FPPV) was prepared in the Food Science and Nutrition laboratory, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, India. The samples were subjected to accelerated stability study maintaining temperature and relative humidity 40°C ± 2°C and 75% ± 5% respectively. Organoleptic, physico chemical and microbiological properties of FPPV was analyzed at an interval of 0, 1, 3 and 6 months to check the degradation levels in the formulation. Organoleptic characters showed no significant changes in accelerated stability condition. There were insignificant changes in physico-chemical profiles and product was free from microbial contamination at different intervals of analysis. On extrapolation of the observations the shelf-life of FPPV was found to be 51 months (4 years and 3 months) for climatic zone I & II countries and 34 months (2 years and 10 months) for climatic zone III & IV countries, respectively. The conversion of perishable vegetables and crop wastes into shelf-stable functional food products will reduce food loss and waste in the vegetable industry.

The use of cassava for fuel ethanol production in Nigeria is supported by the Nigerian Biofuel Policy and Incentives (NBPI) of 2007. Because of its food, feed and industrial value, the need to replace cassava with crops/plants that are food and feeds neutral has motivated this research. Starch was extracted from forest anchomanes (FA) (Anchomanes difformis (Bl.) ENGL.) tubers and some of its physicochemical and elemental properties were determined. At present, the plant is uncultivated in Nigeria and other parts of Africa where it is found. Results showed that the starch content in FA tubers varied from 72.12 to 75.83%. Starch granules from all parts of the FA tubers had similar proximate, antinutrients and elemental properties and appeared usable for fuel ethanol production. However, to suggest its potential to sustainably replace cassava, further investigations are needed beyond these initial results.

This study was carried out to evaluate the water management activities of the Corum Irrigation Association in the years 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 for the irrigation facilities that took over the responsibility of operation and maintenance. Water use efficiency performance indicators and agricultural efficiency performance indicators were used in the evaluation. As a result of the evaluation, it was determined that the water supply rate was lower than the ideal value and suggestions were made to increase it. In addition, opinions and suggestions on increasing the irrigation rate were also expressed. However, it was been determined that there has been a decrease in the income obtained for the unit area irrigated and the income obtained for the unit irrigation water taken into the scheme in recent years. It was seen that the reason was deficit irrigation due to drought-induced lack of water and suggestions were made on this issue. As a result, considering the location of the study area and the lack of a long history of irrigation management, it was seen that Çorum Water User Association has demonstrated a successful water management performance.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) gasses are released into the atmosphere as a result of livestock activities, and these released gasses have an adverse impact on global climate change. Livestock production has become an important industry and has significantly increased greenhouse gasses emission levels. In this context, livestock production may have a significant role in lowering greenhouse gas emissions with proper strategies. There are some formations that increase greenhouse gas in livestock production systems. Accordingly, these formations are land use, enteric fermentation, fertilizer management, processing, and transport. In these formations, enteric fermentation, depending on the feed intake level of ruminants, and the digestibility of feed by ruminants, methane (CH4) are released in the digestive systems and creates methane (CH4) emissions. Because of their increased biomass and digestive outputs compared to other livestock, ruminants have a major impact on greenhouse gas emissions. This review proposes recent highlights on how to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions with different reduction strategies from the literature.

The waste that has emerged in parallel with the rapid urbanisation that followed the Industrial Revolution, and the management of this waste, is a major problem for cities. In our country, municipal waste is disposed of randomly and stored regularly. The landfill method is used to prevent and reduce the harmfulness of waste production. However, when landfills are located in urban environments, they cause environmental problems, such as a reduction in residential quality or a deterioration of the urban ecology. Pollutants, one of the environmental problems, are seen in the solid waste dump in Burdur town and its surroundings. The solid waste landfill is located in the potential settlement area. For this reason, image and air pollution in the environment should be minimised. The preparation of the landscape design project for the facility using the landscape repair technique shows that environmental problems can be eliminated with minimal changes. In this context, a project proposal has been prepared to avoid the pollution caused by the landfill in the city of Burdur and to improve the environmental quality of potential urban settlements.

Drought stress is one of the main factors limiting green bean production, as it is in many cultivated plants. Recently, it has been reported by some researchers that low-dose gamma-ray applications help eliminate the negative effects of drought at critical stages of plant development. However, studies on this subject are very limited. Our study aims to determine the effects of gamma ray application at different dosages (0, 25, 50, and 100 Gy) under water deficit in Gina and Romano fresh bean varieties. The seedlings were grown in two different irrigation levels, full irrigation [100% (I1)] and restricted irrigation [50% (I2)], at a temperature of 23 ± 2°C and 16:8 h of light:dark period in growth chamber conditions. At the end of the study, seedling growth parameters such as shoot and root length, number of leaves, shoot and root fresh- dry weights, root/shoot ratio, as well as leaf relative water content, photosynthetic pigments content, lipid peroxidation and shoot nutrient contents were determined. Low-dose gamma application gave different results depending on the cultivars under deficit irrigation conditions. Gamma doses had a significant effect only on root length in the Gina cultivar at 50% irrigation, while 50 and 100 Gy doses in the Romano cultivar significantly increased shoot length and its fresh and dry weights. MDA content decreased significantly with 50 and 100 Gy gamma rays under water deficit stress in both cultivars. Low-dose gamma ray application is more effective, especially in the Romano variety and 50 and 100 Gy can be recommended as effective doses under water deficit conditions.

The study was carried out to determine the effects of probiotic supplementation on neonatal calves until the weaning period on the development and health status of calves, 24 (20 females and 4 males) Holstein calves were allocated to two groups; control group (CON, n=12) and probiotic group (PRO, n=12) respectively, considering to their date of birth, and their sex, and their birth weight. In the study, a commercial source of probiotics containing different strains of microorganisms (Enterococcus spp, Lactobacillus spp. Pediococcus spp., and Bacillus spp.) was used, calves were given free calf starter feed and water from the 4th day until weaning. 20 ml of probiotic was added to the milk replacer (MR) given in the morning meal to PRO calves from the 4th day to weaning. In the study, data on feed intake, diarrhea, and health were monitored daily, and body weight data were measured and recorded at birth, 4th, 18th, 46th, and 55th days and at weaning. In the study, MR intake, starter feed intake, daily live weight gains (LWG), and weaning ages were found similar among the groups (P>0.05) on the other hand, the incidence of diarrhea was decreased by 50% and the incidence of pneumonia decreased by 54% in the PRO group (P≤0.05). As a result, it was determined that probiotic intake did not have any effect on performance in newborn calves while it had positive effects on their health status.

This study was carried out to determine the suitability of the temperature-humidity index (THI) values of the provinces of KOP region in terms of dairy cattle. In this direction, monthly averages of temperature and humidity values of Yozgat, Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Niğde, Aksaray, Karaman, Konya, and Nevşehir provinces in KOP region between the 2000-2021 years were used. THI values were calculated from the average temperature and humidity data of the provinces in the KOP region. In the study, the equation “(0.8 × T) + [(RH/100) × (T-14.4)] + 46.4” was used to calculate the THI. The critical THI level is based on 72. In the study, the interaction effect with province, month, and year on THI, temperature, and humidity values was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). The average THI values for the provinces in the KOP Region were determined between 50.88-55.25, temperature values 9.96-13.18oC, and humidity values between 54.03-64.78%. Average THI was calculated as the highest in Aksaray (55.25) and Kırıkkale (55.13) provinces and lowest in Yozgat (50.88). It has been determined that the average THI values obtained do not pose a danger to dairy cattle, including for July and August, which are close to critical values. However, in these months when THI values are high, it will be beneficial for dairy cattle to pay attention to many herd management practices such as adequate ventilation, fans, fogging and shades, meeting water needs, care, feeding, and sheltering in order to avoid problems related to milk yield and quality, disease, and reproduction.

Despite the advantages of buffalo breeding and the superiority of the products obtained from buffalo in human health, it is stated that the buffalo population is low with a decreasing trend and is among the endangered species. In Turkey, which is the country with the fastest decrease in the number of buffaloes among the countries where buffalo is raised in the world, Samsun has been in the first place in the water buffalo population from past to present. The aim of this study was to forecast the buffalo population in Turkey and Samsun province between 2023-2030 using Double Exponential Smoothing and Holt-Winters methods. The data of the Turkish buffalo population between the years 1929-2022 and the data of the buffalo population of Samsun between the years 1991-2022 were used. It was determined in the study that the series were not stationary and the series became stationary after the first difference was taken. It was decided that the Holt-Winters model was the most suitable model for the data set for the buffalo population estimation. According to this model, it is predicted that the Turkish buffalo population will increase by 7.29% in 2030 compared to 2022, but the buffalo population in Samsun will remain stable in the next eight years. In this study, it can be stated that the buffalo population in Turkey will face the danger of extinction in the near future. For the sustainability of the buffalo existence in Turkey, the support given by the government by implementing long-term and effective policy tools should be increased and demand should be increased by raising awareness of the consumers about the benefits of buffalo milk and meat.

The aim of this study is to model the effect of climate change on the yield of wheat in Thrace Region. For this purpose, the 2020-2021 period wheat yield data taken from the farmer's field was calibrated by comparing it with the one calculated with the LINTUL model using the climate data of the same year and then yield values were estimated for the 2031-2040, 2041-2050, 2051-2060, 2061-2070 and 2071-2080 periods with the climate data obtained from the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of HadGEM2-ES and MPI-ESM-MR global climate models. Yield estimations were made in two ways without changing the sowing and harvest dates: In the first, yield calculations were made by considering the average lowest and highest temperature, solar radiation and precipitation change. In the second, while the solar radiation values were kept constant for the period 2004-2021, average minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation changes were taken into account. In the first approach, the estimated yield changes for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of the HadGEM2-ES model were calculated between 1.5%-7.5% and -7.5%-7.5%, respectively, while for the MPI-ESM- MR model they were simulated between 9.0%-13.4% and 3.0%-16.4%in the same order. It was concluded that in yield estimations, the effect of solar radiation along with temperature and precipitation must be taken into account. For food security, the agricultural lands of the Thrace Region should not be used beyond their purposes since yield is forecasted to increase generally with climate change unlike other parts of Turkiye.

The main purpose of the study; In recent years, with the shrinkage of dry bean production areas in Turkey and Konya Province, the decision criteria of farmers in the production of legumes, which have an important place in human nutrition, are determined and prioritized and suggestions are developed. Although Konya, which has been in the first place in terms of dry bean production area and amount in Turkey for many years, has lost its place in the first place, it has 16.14% of Turkey's dry bean production area and 18.7% of the production amount. In terms of production amount, Çumra district was chosen as the research area in terms of constituting 31.61% of Konya province. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to determine the factors affecting the dry bean production decisions of the enterprises. Businesses determine their production decisions by taking advantage of their past experiences. The main criteria affecting the dry bean production decisions; yield, price, workforce, water requirement, ease of marketing, mechanization, input costs, aquaculture information, soil structure, supports. The most important factor affecting the dry bean production decision of the enterprises was the "yield" criterion (20.01%). This is followed by price (13.5%), input costs (11.9%), water requirement (11.8%), ease of marketing (11.2%), mechanization (8.3%), labor force (6%, 8), aquaculture (6.3%), soil structure (5.6%), supports (4.7%). It is necessary to raise awareness of the state to farmers to use yield-enhancing inputs in this direction in a timely manner and in appropriate doses. Again, it is suggested as the improvement of supports so that farmers can use new techniques and inputs.

Peach is a fruit that contains 78%-85% water and has a very high production. Due to the high moisture, it contains, it must be stored to be kept for a long time in a consumable condition without spoiling. In this study, 8 sliced peach fruits were dried in an oven (50, 60, 70°C) and in an air conditioning cabinet (50, 60, 70°C at constant 30% relative moisture). In the study, the shortest drying time was found with 12 hours at a drying temperature of 70°C in the oven, while the longest drying time was determined by 41.5 hours in the experiment carried out in the air conditioning cabinet at 50°C and 30% RH. Considering all color values, the method that best preserves the color values of peach fruit was determined in the experiment performed at 60°C in an oven. While creating the curves, Lewis, Yağcıoğlu and Page drying models, which are the most used in the literature, were selected and the drying data were best estimated by the Yağcıoğlu model (R2: 0.9999). Yağcıoğlu model best modeled the drying data at 60°C in the oven drying method. After the drying process, the thermophysical property values (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific mass and specific heat) of the samples were determined in the samples dried in an oven at 60°C.