Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları
Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 2426 - 2445 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.21547/jss.1183612 İndeks Tarihi: 28-10-2022
Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları
Öz: Göç konusu insanlık tarihinin hemen her döneminde karşılaşılan bir olgu olmasına rağmen günümüzde küresel bir problem haline dönüşmüş durumdadır. Ekonomik sebepler yanında savaş ve felaketler gibi sebeplerle göç eden insanların sayısının artmakta olduğu görülmektedir. Göçmenler göç süreci boyunca ve sonrasında çeşitli risklerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Bazı ülkelerde göçmen işçiler ucuz işgücü olarak algılanmakta ve genellikle kayıt dışı sektörde tercih edilmektedir. Bu da zaten hassas bir yapıda olan göçmen işçilerin sosyal korumasız ve güvencesiz bir ortamda olmalarına yol açmaktadır. Covid-19 ile birlikte ise göçmenlerin işlerini kaybetme konusunda daha riskli durumda bulunmaları ve sosyal koruma yetersizlikleri onları daha zor koşullarda yaşamaya mecbur bırakmıştır. Bu çalışma da sosyo-ekonomik açıdan daha savunmasız olan ve kırılgan bir yapıda bulunan göçmenlerin sosyal koruma ve sosyal güvenlik sorunlarının önemini vurgulamayı ve bunun için öneriler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda konuyla ilgili uluslararası standartlar ve ülke uygulamaları ele alınan konular arasında yer almıştır.
Anahtar Kelime: Social Security Rights and Social Protection Policies of Migrant Workers in the Light of International Standards
Öz: ABSTRACT Migration is a phenomenon encountered in almost every period of human history. However, today it has become a global problem. In addition to economic reasons, it is seen that the number of people who migrate due to reasons such as war and disasters is increasing. Immigrants face various risks during and after the migration process. In some countries, migrant workers are perceived as cheap labor and are generally preferred in the informal sector. This causes migrant workers, who are already vulnerable, to be socially unprotected and in an insecure environment. With Covid-19, the fact that immigrants are at a higher risk of losing their jobs and social protection inadequacies forced them to live in more difficult conditions. This study aims to emphasize the importance of social protection and social security problems of immigrants, who are more vulnerable and vulnerable in socio-economic terms, and to offer suggestions for this. For this purpose, relevant international standards and country practices were among the topics discussed.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Alderman, H., & Yemtsov, R. (2012). Productive Role of Social Protection: Background Paper for the World Bank 2012–2022 Social Protection and Labor Strategy (Discussion Paper Sy 1203). World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13551/676090NWP01203 0Box367885B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1
- Alon, T., Doepke, M., Olmstead-Rumsey, J., & Tertilt, M. (2020). THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON GENDER EQUALITY (Working Paper Sy 26947; NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES, s. 39). NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w26947/w26947.pdf
- Atlı, K., Froneberg, B., Matisane, L., Yıldız, N., Şimşek, C., & Demirkol, D. (2010). Çalışma Yaşamında Sağlık Gözetimi Rehberi (s. 381) [İSGİP (Türkiyede İşyerlerinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Koşullarının İyileştirilmesi Projesi-TR0702. 20- 01/001)]. Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı. https://www.csgb.gov.tr/medias/4591/rehber03.pdf
- Barrientos, A. (2014). Social Protection. Içinde B. Currie-Alder, R. Kanbur, D. M. Malone, & R. Medhora (Ed.), International Development (ss. 188-203). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671656.003.0012
- Basso, G., & Caiumi, A. (2020). The New Hazardous Jobs and Worker Reallocation (OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS Sy 246; s. 73). OECD. https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DELSA/ELSA /WD/SEM(2020)12&docLanguage=En
- Berghman, J. (2007). The resurgence of poverty and the struggle against exclusion: A new challenge for social security in Europe? International Social Security Review, 50(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246X.1997.tb01055.x
- Bilek, Ö., Sandal, A., & Yıldız, A. N. (2019). GÖÇMENLERİN İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ KONULARI (s. 134). TÜRK-İŞ.
- Blanpain, R., Arellano Ortiz, P., & Olivier, M. P. (Ed.). (2014). Social security and migrant workers: Selected studies of cross-border social security mechanisms. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.
- Caro, L. P. (2020). Türk İşgücü Piyasasında Suriyeli Mülteciler. ILO, 60. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo- ankara/documents/publication/wcms_739463.pdf
- Civan, O. E. & Gökalp, A. (2011). Göçmen İşçi Kavramı ve Göçmen İşçilerin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Çalışma ve Toplum, 2011/1, 233-264, https://www.calismatoplum.org/Content/pdf/calisma-toplum-1355-014aba8a.pdf
- Comaru, F., Werna, E., ILO, & Sectoral Activities Department. (2013). The health of workers in selected sectors of the urban economy: Challenges and perspectives. ILO. http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2013/113B09_29_engl.pdf
- Cortes, G. M., & Forsythe, E. (2020). The Heterogeneous Labor Market Impacts Of the Covid- 19 Pandemic. W.E. Upjohn Institute. https://doi.org/10.17848/wp20-327
- de la Rica, S., Glitz, A., & Ortega, F. (2015). Chapter 24—Immigration in Europe: Trends, Policies, and Empirical Evidence. Içinde B. R. Chiswick & P. W. Miller (Ed.), Handbook of the Economics of International Migration (ss. 1303-1362).
- Deacon, B. (2013). Deacon, B. (2013). Global social policy in the making: The foundations of the social protection floor. Policy Press. Policy Press.
- Demuth, A. (2000). Theoretical and methodological issues in migration research. Içinde B. Agozino (Ed.), Theoretical and methodological issues in migration research: Interdisciplinary, intergenerational and international perspectives (ss. 21-58). Ashgate.
- Drinkwater, S.L., Paul-Lotti, Emanuela-Pearlman, Joseph. (2022). The economic effects of labour immigration in developing countries: A literature review, Workshop of the Fifth Framework Programme project “European Enlargement: The Impact of East-West Migration on Growth and and Employment”, Vienna, 6-7th December, 2002, 10.1007/BF01078465, https://repec.som.surrey.ac.uk/2003/DP01-03.pdf
- European Commission, & European Migration Network. (2014). Migrant access to social security and healthcare: Policies and practice (s. 111). https://www.emncz.eu/wp- content/uploads/2020/12/105.pdf
- European Commission, & European Migration Network. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 in the migration area in EU and OECD countries (April 2021; s. 38). European Commission. European Union & European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2019). Protecting migrant workers from exploitation in the EU: Worker’s perspectives. Publications Office of the European Union.
- Fairlie, R. W., Couch, K., & Xu, H. (2020). The Impacts of Covid-19 on Minority Unemployment: First Evidence from April 2020 CPS Microdata (Working Paper Sy 27246; s. 43). NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27246/w27246.pdf
- Fasani, F., & Mazza, J. (2020). Being on the Frontline? Immigrant Workers in Europe and the Covid-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3755380
- Getubig, I. P., & Schmidt, S. (1992). Rethinking social security: Reaching out to the poor. Asian and Pacific Development Centre and Deutsche Gesellschaft fèur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTz) GmbH, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany.
- Häusler, K. A. (2010). Defenceless workers? – The protection of irregular migrant workers in Europe with a focus on the situation in France and Spain (Working Paper Sy 1/2010; s. 57). Institut de Dret Public.
- Hirose, K., Nikac, M., Tamagno, E., & International Labour Office. (2011). Social security for migrant workers: A rights-based approach. ILO. http://www.socialsecurityextension.org/gimi/gess/ShowRessource.action?ressource.resso urceId=26461
- Hoynes, H., Miller, D. L., & Schaller, J. (2012). Who Suffers During Recessions? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.27
- Hupkau, C., & Petrongolo, B. (2020). Work, care and gender during the Covid-19 crisis (A CEP Covid-19 Analysis Sy 002; s. 12). London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Economic Performance. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104674/3/Petrongolo_work_care_gender_during_covid_19_crises_ published.pdf
- ILO (2010). World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing coverage in times of crisis and beyond International Labour Office – Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/--- publ/documents/publication/wcms_146566.pdf
- ILO. (2019). Extending social security to workers in the informal economy: Key lessons learned from international experience (Issue Brief No. 1/2019; Policy Resource Package, s. 7). ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/--- soc_sec/documents/publication/wcms_749480.pdf
- ILO. (1999).Migrant Workers, Geneva
- ILO. (2021). ILO global estimates on international migrant workers: Results and methodology. International Labour Office.
- ILO, & Roxani, R. (2012). SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR MIGRANT WORKERS. 4. International Labour Office.
- ILO, & Vazhynska, O. (2016). Expanding Social Security Coverage for Migrant Workers and Families. ILO.
- ILO, & Walk Free Foundation. (2017). Global Estimatesof Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage (s. 68). ILO.
- IOM. (2019). IOM Handbook on Protection and Assistance for Migrants Vulnerable to Violence, Exploitation and Abuse. IOM. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/avm_handbook.pdf
- IOM. (2020). Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü, İkinci Baskı, Editörler: Richard Perruchoud ile Jillyanne Redpath – Cross, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml31_turkish_2ndedition.pdf
- IOM. (2021). International migrant stocks. IOM. https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/international-migrant-stocks
- Kulke, U. (2006). Filling the Gap of Social Security for Migrant Workers: ILO’s Strategy (s. 36). ILO. https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/file/26767/download?token=OCva4wtP
- Levitt, P., Viterna, J., Mueller, A., & Lloyd, C. (2017). Transnational social protection: Setting the agenda. Oxford Development Studies, 45(1), 2-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2016.1239702
- Mares, I. (2005). Social Protection Around the World: External Insecurity, State Capacity, and Domestic Political Cleavages. Comparative Political Studies, 38(6), 623-651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004274403
- Olivier, M. (2012). Enhancing Access to South African Social Security Benefits by SADC Citizens: The Need to Improve Bilateral Arrangements Within a Multilateral Framework (Part II). SADC Law Journal, 2(2), 129-163. https://research- repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/enhancing-access-to-south-african-social-security- benefits-by-sad-2
- Olivier, M., & Govindjee, A. (2013). LABOUR RIGHTS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION OF MIGRANT WORKERS: IN SEARCH OF A CO-ORDINATED LEGAL RESPONSE. 41.
- Pandey, S. (2020). Social Security for Migrant Workers during COVID-19. 3.
- Platt, L., & Warwick, R. (2020). COVID 19 and Ethnic Inequalities in England and Wales. FISCAL STUDIES, 41(2), 259-289. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1475-5890.12228
- Ratha, Dilip-Mohapatra, Sanket- Scheja, Elina. (2011). Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development A Review of Evidence and Emerging Issues, The World Bank Development Prospects Group Migration and Remittances Unit & Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network February 2011, Policy Research Working Paper 5558 , https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/3328/WPS5558.pdf?seque nce=1
- Riedel, E. (2007). “The human right to social security: some challenges” in E Riedel (ed) Social security as a human right – drafting a general comment on article 9 ICESCR – some challenges, Springer. 17-29.
- Srivastava, R., & Institute for Human Development India (IHD). (2020). Migrant Labour in the Shadow of the Pandemic. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y5MOaqN9SY
- Szablewska, N., & Karim, S. (2003). Protection and international cooperation in the international refugee regime. Içinde R. Islam & J. H. Bhuiyan (Ed.), An Introduction to International Refugee Law (ss. 189-215). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- Taha, N., Siegmann, K. A., & Messkoub, M. (2015). How portable is social security for migrant workers? A review of the literature: How portable is social security for migrant workers? A review of the literature. International Social Security Review, 68(1), 95-118. https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12061
- UN. (2018). Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (s. 34). UN. https:// refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180711_final_draft_0.pdf
- Unni, J., & Rani, U. (2002). Insecurities of informal workers in Gujarat, India [Microform]. International Labour Office.
| APA | Yaman Kennedy E, ÇELIK A, KAYAGİL M (2022). Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. , 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| Chicago | Yaman Kennedy Ezgi,ÇELIK ABDULHALIM,KAYAGİL MUHAMMET ENES Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. (2022): 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| MLA | Yaman Kennedy Ezgi,ÇELIK ABDULHALIM,KAYAGİL MUHAMMET ENES Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. , 2022, ss.2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| AMA | Yaman Kennedy E,ÇELIK A,KAYAGİL M Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. . 2022; 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| Vancouver | Yaman Kennedy E,ÇELIK A,KAYAGİL M Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. . 2022; 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| IEEE | Yaman Kennedy E,ÇELIK A,KAYAGİL M "Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları." , ss.2426 - 2445, 2022. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| ISNAD | Yaman Kennedy, Ezgi vd. "Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları". (2022), 2426-2445. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| APA | Yaman Kennedy E, ÇELIK A, KAYAGİL M (2022). Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(4), 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| Chicago | Yaman Kennedy Ezgi,ÇELIK ABDULHALIM,KAYAGİL MUHAMMET ENES Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21, no.4 (2022): 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| MLA | Yaman Kennedy Ezgi,ÇELIK ABDULHALIM,KAYAGİL MUHAMMET ENES Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol.21, no.4, 2022, ss.2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| AMA | Yaman Kennedy E,ÇELIK A,KAYAGİL M Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022; 21(4): 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| Vancouver | Yaman Kennedy E,ÇELIK A,KAYAGİL M Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022; 21(4): 2426 - 2445. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| IEEE | Yaman Kennedy E,ÇELIK A,KAYAGİL M "Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları." Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21, ss.2426 - 2445, 2022. 10.21547/jss.1183612 |
| ISNAD | Yaman Kennedy, Ezgi vd. "Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Göçmen İşçilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Hakkı ve Sosyal Koruma Politikaları". Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21/4 (2022), 2426-2445. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1183612 |
