This study aims to sketch out the human capital and population structure of Cyprus, in the first half of the nineteenth century and analyse it in a historical demographic context. For this practice, the level of “quantitative literacy”, which is accepted as a proxy variable of human capital, is used. The existing academic literature indicates that people of different religious affiliations were socially intermingled, and they possessed a common social structure on the Island. Relying on the assumption that social interaction between people of different religions would ultimately end up with convergence in human capital; our article aims to test the mentioned argument in the literature within the framework of human capital using numerical sources and methodology. For this purpose, our study uses the “age heaping” method and “ABCC index” which has been widely used in economic history literature. As for numerical sources, we extracted the dataset from the “Population Register of Lefkoşa” which was held by the government of the time in 1843. The census includes the individuals’ names (of both Muslim and Christian separately), their repu-tation, physical characteristics, ages, occupations, and the number of sons in Lefkoşa. Our numerical analysis shows that there was no significant gap between Muslims and non-Muslims in terms of human capital. This verifies the idea that social homogeneity between different groups had already been achieved in Cyprus before British sovereignty.