Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul

Seda Yurtcanlı Duymaz (İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye)
Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning
0 0
Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: Özel Sayı Sayfa Aralığı: 95 - 108 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112 İndeks Tarihi: 31-12-2023

Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul

Öz:
Along with other causes of migration, earthquakes have displaced millions of people worldwide over the last few decades, forcing them to move to other settlements within the country. As an "earthquake country", Turkey, where approximately 70% of its territory is located in the seismic zone, has faced a variety of environmentally forced migration that refers to a variety of demographic movements like evacuation, flight, displacement, resettlement, as well as forced migration. Disasters and disaster-related forced migrations as an aspect of survival anxiety have severe and irreversible consequences for the existence of physical security, human dignity, health, livelihoods, shelter, and social, economic, and cultural structures and processes of societies or their subunits. Therefore, disasters and disaster-induced migration, which can be defined as a process of significant vulnerability, are considered widespread and severe threats to the enjoyment and realisation of fundamental rights. Earthquake-related forced migration phenomenon is a widespread and high-risk factor, and this risk corresponds to a closer and more destructive possibility for the province of Istanbul. Therefore becomes vital to take preventive measures to mitigate the possible destructive effects as well as to eliminate the risks as much as possible. This study aims to determine whether relevant legislation is adequate to provide an effective and sufficient protection mechanism for environmental displacement that may occur in Istanbul after a significant earthquake for the purpose of “building resilience in crisis” in the view of international standards. Thus, it also emphasises the importance of the human rights approach and legal mechanisms in establishing resilience during crises. This study has been prepared by content analysing the disaster and emergency preparedness plans, policy texts, and relevant legal and regulatory provisions related to understanding and managing the earthquake-induced migration scenario in Istanbul.
Anahtar Kelime: Rights-Based Approach Expected Marmara Earthquake environmental forced migration migration scenarios protection obligation

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Açıkalın, O. (2017). Yüzyılın Hesabı. Deprem Bağlamında Dirayetli Toplumun Neresindeyiz?. İstanbul: Yeni İnsan Yayınevi.
  • Adamo, S. (2009). Environmentally Induced Population Displacements. IHDP, Update 1, 13-21.
  • Agence National De La Recherche (2013). Les catastrophes et les droits de l’homme, Le projet Catastrophes et Droits de l’Homme – CADHOM Project, Paris/Limoges.
  • Aldrich, D. (2012). Building Resilience: Social Capital in Post-Disaster Recovery. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Ambrosetti E., & Petrillo, E. R. (2016). Environmental Disasters, migration and displacement. Insights and developments from L’Aquila’s case. Environmental Science & Policy, 56, 80-88.
  • Azimli Çilingir, G. (2019). Türkiye'de afet yönetimi ve idarenin sorumluluğu. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bektaş, Y. (2022). Kentsel dayanıklılık ve kentsel dönüşüm arasındaki i̇lişkiyi kentsel yoğunluk ve sosyal altyapı değeri üzerinden okumak: Kayseri örneği. Megaron, 17(1), 117-135.
  • Betts, A. (2013). Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Displacement. New York: Cornell University Press.
  • Biermann, F., & Boas, I. (2008). Protecting Climate Refugees: The Case for a Global Protocol. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 50(6), 21-26.
  • Biermann, F., & Boas, I. (2010). Preparing for a Warmer World, Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees. Global Environmental Politics, 10(1), 60-88.
  • Boyar, O. (2013). Devletin Pozitif Yükümlülükleri ve Dolaylı Yatay Etki. In: İnceoğlu, S. (eds.) İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi ve Anayasa, 53-80. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Budak, S., Kahveci, M., & Tiryaki, E. İ. (2022). İstanbul Afet Müdahale Planlarının Yerellik ve Katılımcılık Boyutundan İncelenmesi. In: Ercan, M., Yıldırım, E., Karaca, M. (eds.) 21. Uluslararası Kamu Yönetimi Forumu Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı, 183-197. İstanbul: Efeakademi Yayınları.
  • Cavedon Capdeville F. S. (2013). Les droits de l’homme concernés par les catastrophes. In: Les Catastrophes et les droits de l’homme, 30-109 Projet de CADHOM, Paris/Limoges.
  • Cernea, M. (1999). Impoverishment Risks, Risk Management, and Reconstruction: A Model of Population Displacement and Resettlement.
  • Cournil C. (2006). Les réfugiés écologiques: quelle(s) protection(s), quel(s) statut(s)?. Revue du Droit Public, 4, 1035-1066.
  • Cournil, C., & Mazzega, P. (2006). Catastrophes écologiques et flux migratoires: Comment proteger les réfugiés écologiques?. Revue Européenne de Droit de l’Environnement, 4, 417-427.
  • Cournil C. (2009). L’émergence d’un droit pour les personnes déplacées internes. Revue qudbicoise de droit international, 22(1), 1-25.
  • Curtis, K., Fussel, E., & DeWaard, J. (2015). Recovery Migration after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita: Spatial Concentration and Intensification in the Migration System. Demography, 52(4), 1269–1293.
  • Deniz, O., Yıldız, M. Z., Parin, S., & Erdoğan, R. (2017). Deprem ve Göç: 2011 Van Depremi Örneği. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 10(3), 1426-1444.
  • Dias, M., C., & Crawford, C. (2013). Natural Disasters and Moral Responsibility. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 8, 131-145.
  • Docherty B., & Giannini T. (2009). Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees. Harward Environmental Law Review, 33(2), 349-403.
  • Duman, S., & Zaman, S. (2021). Kentsel Morfoloji Açısından Bir Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesinin İncelenmesi (Bursa İli Nilüfer İlçesi Ataevler Mahallesi Örneği). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(1), 113- 142.
  • El-Hinnawi, E. (1985). Environmental Refugees. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
  • Enarson, E., & Chakrabarti, P. G. D. (Eds.). (2009). Women, gender and disaster: Global issues and initiatives. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Erdik, M. (1999). İstanbul’da Olası Depreme Hazırlık: Deprem Senaryoları. Bilim ve Teknik, XXXII(384), 52-56.
  • Ferris, E. (2014). Climate Change and Internal Displacement: A Contribution to the Discussion, Brookings-Bern project on internal displacement, Washington DC: Brooking Institution.
  • Flanagan, B. E., Gregory, E. W., Hallisey, E. J., Heitgerd, J. L., & Lewis, B. (2011). A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1), Article 3. 1-22.
  • Forst, M. (2010). Report of the independent expert on the situation of human rights in Haiti. A/HRC/14/44.
  • Fritz, C. E. (1961). Disaster. In: Merton RK and Nisbet RA (eds) Contemporary Social Problems, 651–694. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
  • Genç, F. N. (2021). Afet Yönetimi. İstanbul: Nobel.
  • Genç, F. N. (2023). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depremleri ve Türkiye’de Afet Yönetim Sistemi. TESAM Strateji, 3, 25-29.
  • Ginnetti, J. (2015). Disaster-related displacement risk: Measuring the risk and addressing its drivers. IDMC Report.
  • Gray, C., Frankenberg, E., Gillespie, T., Saumantri, C., & Thomas, D. (2014). Studying Displacement After a Disaster Using Large-Scale Survey Methods: Sumatra After the 2004 Tsunami. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(3), 594-612.
  • Hauer, M. E., Holloway, S.R., & Oda, T. (2020). Evacuees and Migrants Exhibit Different Migration Systems After the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Demography, 57, 1437–1457.
  • Houts, p. s., Cleary, P. D., & Hu, T. (1988). The Three Mile Island Crisis: Psychological, Social and Economic Impacts on the Surrounding Population. Pennsylvania, USA: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Hugo, G. (1996). Environmental Concerns and International Migration. International Migration Review, 30(1), 105-131.
  • Hugo, G. (2011). Lessons from Past Forced Resettlement for Climate Change Migration. In: Piguet, E., Pécoud, A., Guchteneire, P. (eds.) Migration and Climate Change, 260-288. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) (2011). Directives opérationnelles de l’IASC sur la protection des personnes affectées par des catastrophes naturelles, Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement.
  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) (2018). 20th Anniversary of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Plan of Action... Displaced People 2018-2020.
  • International Law Commission (ILC) (2016). Draft Articles on the Protection of Persons in the Event of Disaster, Report of the Work of the 68th Session, UN Doc A/71/10.
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Deprem Risk Yönetimi Ve Kentsel İyileştirme Daire Başkanliği Deprem Ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü (2018). İstanbul İli Genelinde Afetler Karşisinda Sosyal Hasar Görebilirlik Analizi. İstanbul: İBB.
  • İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Deprem Risk Yönetimi Ve Kentsel İyileştirme Daire Başkanliği Deprem Ve Zemin İnceleme Müdürlüğü, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasathanesi Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü (2019). İstanbul Geneli Olası Deprem Kayıp Tahminleri Kitapçığı. İstanbul: İBB.
  • Kadıoğlu, M. (2013). Afet Yonetimi: Beklenilmeyeni Beklemek, En Kötüsünü Yönetmek. İstanbul: Marmara Belediyeler Birliği.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, S. (2021). Afetler Sonrasında Yoksulluk, Sosyal Kırılganlık, Sosyal Politikalar ve Yeniden Yapılanma. In: Tiryakioğlu, M. (eds.) Afetlerle Yoksullaşma Salgınlar, Göçler ve Eşitsizlikler, 3-25. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kalin, W. (2005). Ülke İçi Yerinden Olma Konusunda Yol Gösterici İlkeler Açıklayıcı Notlar, Kerem Altıparmak (çev.), Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • Kuyucu, T. (2018). Türkiye’de kentsel dönüşümün dönüşümü: hukuki ve kurumsal çatışmalar üzerinden bir açıklama denemesi. Idealkent, 24(9), 364-386.
  • Lavieille J. M. (2012). Droits de l’homme et catastrophes écologiques. In: Cournil, C., Colard-Fabregoule, C. (eds.) Changements environnementaux globaux et droits de l’homme, 373-389. Bruxelles: Bruylant.
  • Locke, John. Two Treaties of Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Marangoz, A., & Enginöz, E. B. (2021). Afet ve Kent Planlama Ara Kesitinde Bir Olgu: Afet Parkları. Ölçü, 37-41.
  • Marks, G., & Hooghe, L. (2004). Contrasting visions of multi-level governance. Multi-level governance. In: Bache, I., Flinders, M. (eds.) Multi Level Governance, 15-30. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Martin, S., Weerasinghe, S., & Taylor, A. (2004). What Is Crisis Migration?. Forced Migration Review, 45, 5–9.
  • May, J. R., & Daly, E. (2018). Dünyada Çevresel Anayasacılık, Tolga Şirin & N. Umut Orcan (çev.), Ankara: Ekoloji Kolektifi.
  • Mayer, B. (2017). Critical Perspective on the Identification of ‘Environmental Refugees’ as a Category of Human Rights Concern. In: Manou, D., Baldwin, A., Cubie, D., Mihr, A., Thorp, T. (eds.) Climate Change, Migration and Human Rights: Law and Policy Perspectives, 28-42. Londra & New York: Routledge.
  • McDermott, R. (2018). The human rights approach of the International Law Commission in its work on the protection of persons in the event of disasters. In: Zorzi Giustiniani, F., Sommario, E., Casolari, F., Bartolini, G. (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Disasters, 84-97. Londra & New York: Routledge.
  • McLeman, R., & Smit, B. (2006). Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change. Climatic Change, 76(1-2), 31-53.
  • Mehta, L. (2009). Displaced by Development Confronting Marginalization and Gender Injustice. New Delhi: SAGE.
  • Millan, S. (2015). Construction du Droit des personnes déplacées internes, victimes de catastrophes naturelles. In: Cournil, C., Vlassopoulos, C. (eds.) Mobilité humaine et environnement: du global au local, 49-67. Paris: Editions Quæ.
  • Myers, N. (1993). Environmental Refugees in a Globally Warmed World. Bioscience, 43. 752–761.
  • Oliver-Smith, A. (1999). What is a Disaster? Anthropological Perspectives on a Persistent Question. In: Oliver-Smith, A., Hoffman, S. (eds) The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective, 18-34. Psychology Press.
  • Oliver-Smith, A. (2006). Disasters and Forced Migration in the 21st Century. Social Science Research Council (SSRC), http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Oliver-Smith/.
  • Oliver-Smith, A. (2019). Disasters and Large-Scale Population Dislocations: International and National Responses. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. USA: Oxford University Press USA. 1-40.
  • Orhan, E., & Keskinok, H. Ç. (2019). Afet Sonrası Hanehalklarının Yer Seçim Kararları ve Kentsel Dirençlilik: Değirmendere Örneği. Resilience, 3(2), 359-367.
  • Paul, B. K. (2005). Evidence Against Disaster-induced Migration: The 2004 Tornado in North-central Bangladesh. Disasters, 29(4), 370-385.
  • Perry, R. W., Lindell, M. K., & Greene, M. R. (1981). Evacuation Planning in Emergency Management. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
  • Prieur, M. (2012). Projet de Convention relative au statut international des déplacés environnementaux. In: Lavieille, J.M., Bétaille, J., Prieur, M. (eds.) Les catastrophe écologique et le droit: échecs du droit, appels au droit, 542-553. Bruxelles: Bruylant.
  • Prieur, M. (2014). Quel statut pour les déplacés environnementaux?. In: Tournepiche, A. M. (eds.) La Protection Internationale et Européenne des Réfugiés La Convention de Genève du 28 Juillet 1951 Relative au Statut des Réfugiés À l’Épreuve du Temps, 127-156. Paris: Pedone, Paris.
  • Prieur, M. (2016). Les catastrophes et les droits de l’homme en Droit international. In: Prieur, M. (eds.) Hommage à un printemps environnemental, Mélanges en l’honneur des professeurs Soukaina Bouraoui, Mahfoud Ghézali et Ali Mékouar, 335-347. Limoges: PULİM.
  • Renaud, F. G., Dun, O., Warner, K., & Bogardi, J. (2011). A Decision Framework for Environmentally Induced Migration. International Migration, 49, 5-29.
  • Sağıroğlu, A. Z., Ünsal, R., & Özenci, F. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Göç ve İnsan Hareketlilikleri – Durum Değerlendirme Raporu. Ankara Yıldırım Bayezit Üniversitesi -Göç Politikaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Bilgi Notu.
  • Sironi, A., & Guadagno, L. (2018). The Protection of Migrants in Disasters. In: Zorzi Giustiniani, F., Sommario, E., Casolari, F., Bartolini, G. (eds.) Routledge Handbook of Human Rights and Disasters, 308-328. Londra & New York: Routledge.
  • Smith, S. K., & McCarty, C. (1996). Demographic Effects of Natural Disasters: A Case Study of Hurricane Andrew. Demography, 33(2), 265-275.
  • Spitzer, Y., Tortorici, G., & Zimran, A. (2020). International Migration Responses to Natural Disasters: Evidence from Modern Europe's Deadliest Earthquake. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15008.
  • Stallings, R. A. (1984). Evacuation Behavior at Three Mile Island. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 2, 11-26.
  • Südaş, İ. (2004). 17 Ağustos 1999 Marmara Depreminin Nüfus ve Yerleşme Üzerindeki Etkileri: Gölcük (Kocaeli) Örneği. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 13, 73-91.
  • TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu, Ankara. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf.
  • Terminski, B. (2012). Environmentally-Induced Displacement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges. Center for Ethnic and Migration Studies, Université de Liège, Research Paper.
  • Thiri, M. A. (2017). Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration: The Case of Miyagi Prefecture After the Great East Japan Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 25, 212-226.
  • United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) (2011). Analytical study on the relationship between human rights and the environment, A/HRC/19/34.
  • Warner, K., & Afifi, T. (Eds.) (2009). Environmental Change and Forced Migration Scenarios (EACH-FOR), UNU-EHS.
  • Warner, K., & Laczko, F. (2008). Migration, Environment and Development: New Directions for Research. Center Migration Studies. Spec. Issues. 235-251.
  • Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. & Davis, I. (1994). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters. Londres: Routledge.
  • Yurtcanlı Duymaz, S. (2021). İklim değişikliği, Afetler ve İnsan Hakları: Çevresel Zorunlu Göç. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Yurtcanlı Duymaz, S., & Duymaz, E, (2022). Afet Kaynaklı Göç Süreci Yönetiminde Hak ve İhtiyaç Temelli Yaklaşım: Uluslararası Standartlar Işığında Ulusal Hukukun Değerlendirilmesi. In: Ercan, M., Yıldırım, E., Karaca, M. (eds.) 21. Uluslararası Kamu Yönetimi Forumu Tam Metin Bildiriler Kitabı, 39-49. İstanbul: Efeakademi Yayınları.
  • Yurtcanlı Duymaz, S., & Kahveci, M. (2023). Olası İstanbul Depremini Beklerken Hazırlıklı Toplum Hedefinin Neresindeyiz?: 2023 Maraş Ve Hatay Depremlerinin Ardından. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 81, Deprem Özel Sayısı – I (Kamu Hukuku), Article 13.
  • Zartner Falstrom, D. (2002). Stemming the Flow of Environmental Displacement: Creating a Convention to Protect Persons and Preserve the Environment. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy, 13, 1-30.
APA Yurtcanlı Duymaz S (2023). Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. , 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
Chicago Yurtcanlı Duymaz Seda Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. (2023): 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
MLA Yurtcanlı Duymaz Seda Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. , 2023, ss.95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
AMA Yurtcanlı Duymaz S Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. . 2023; 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
Vancouver Yurtcanlı Duymaz S Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. . 2023; 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
IEEE Yurtcanlı Duymaz S "Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul." , ss.95 - 108, 2023. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
ISNAD Yurtcanlı Duymaz, Seda. "Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul". (2023), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
APA Yurtcanlı Duymaz S (2023). Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 4(Özel Sayı), 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
Chicago Yurtcanlı Duymaz Seda Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning 4, no.Özel Sayı (2023): 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
MLA Yurtcanlı Duymaz Seda Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, vol.4, no.Özel Sayı, 2023, ss.95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
AMA Yurtcanlı Duymaz S Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning. 2023; 4(Özel Sayı): 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
Vancouver Yurtcanlı Duymaz S Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning. 2023; 4(Özel Sayı): 95 - 108. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
IEEE Yurtcanlı Duymaz S "Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul." Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 4, ss.95 - 108, 2023. 10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
ISNAD Yurtcanlı Duymaz, Seda. "Building resilience to the expected Marmara earthquake: Preparing for post-disaster population mobility in Istanbul". Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning 4/Özel Sayı (2023), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2023.v4si112
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
24-04-2024 10:11

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları