The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts
Yıl: 2004 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 77 - 95 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022
The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts
Öz: Karakaya Kompleksi şiddetlice deforme olmuş, kısmen metamorfızma geçirmiş Permiyen ve Triyas yaşta klastik ve volkanik serilerden yapılmıştır. Karakaya Kompleksi genellikle iki bölüme ayrılır: yapısal ve muhtemelen stratigrafik olarak altta yer alan Alt Karakaya Kompleksi, Paleozoyik sonu veya Triyas'ta yeşilşist ve mavişist fasiyesinde metamorfizma geçirmiş mafik lav, mafik piroklastik kaya, şeyi, ve kireçtaşı ardalanmasından oluşmuştur. Üst Karakaya Kompleksi ise kuvvetlice deforme olmuş Permiyen veya Triyas yaşta klastik, volkanoklastik ve volkanik kayalardan oluşur. Üst Karakaya Kompleksi içinde çok sayıda Karbonifer ve Permiyen yaşta ortama yabancı kireçtaşı blokları yer alır. Karakaya Kompleksi'nin çökelme ortamını ve tektonik gelişimini izah eden iki model bulunmaktadır. Rift modelinde, Karakaya Kompleksi kayaları Geç Permiyen yaşında bir riftte oluşmuş, bu rift daha sonra okyanusal bir kenar denize dönüşmüş ve en Geç Triyas'ta kapanmıştır. Dalma-batma-eklenme modeline göre ise Karakaya Kompleksi, Paleo-Tetis'in Triyas'ta kuzeye Lavrasya aktif kıta kenarı boyunca dalma-batması ile oluşmuş bir eklenir prizmayı temsil eder.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- AKYÜREK, B., BİLGİNER, E., DAĞER, Z. & SUNU, O. 1979. Hacılar (Kuzey Çubuk - Ankara) bölgesinde Alt Triyasın varlığı [The presence of Lower Triassic in the Hacılar region (North Çubuk - Ankara]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 22, 169-174 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- AKYÜREK, B., BİLGİNER, E., AKBAŞ, B., HEPŞEN, N., PEHLİVAN, Ş., SUNU, 0., SOYSAL, Y., DAĞER, Z., ÇATAL, E., SÖZERİ, B., YILDIRIM, H. & HAKYEMEZ, Y. 1984. Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik dolayının temel jeolojik özellikleri [Basic geological features of the Ankara-Elmadağ-Kalecik region]. Jeoloji Mühendisliği 20, 31-46 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- AKYÜREK, B. & SOYSAL, Y. 1983. Biga yarımadası güneyinin (Savaştepe-Kırkağaç-Bergama-Ayvalık) temel jeoloji özellikleri [Basic geological features of the region south of the Biga Peninsula (Savaştepe-Kırkağaç-Bergama-Ayvalık)]. Maden Tetkik ye Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 95/96, 1-13 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- AKYOL, Z. 1982. Balıkesir Balya cevherli sahalarının jeolojisi, mineralojisi ve maden, potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi [Geology, mineralogy and evaluation of the ore potential of the Balıkesir Balya metalliferous region]. İstanbul Yerbilimleri 3, 163-189 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- ALKAYA, F. 1981. Bilecik yöresi Lias ammonit zonlan [Liassic ammonite zones in the Bilecik region]. Istanbul Yerbilimleri 1, 297-302 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- ALP, D. 1972. Amasya Yöresinin Jeolojisi [Geology of the Anmasya Region]. Istanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Monografileri, No. 22, 101 p [in Turkish with English abstract].
- ALTINER, D. & KOÇYİĞİT, A. 1993. Third remark on the geology of Karakaya basin. An Anisian megablock in northern central Anatolia: micropaleontologic, stratigraphic and tectonic implications for the rifting stage of Karakaya basin, Turkey. Revue de Paleobiologie 12, 1-17.
- ALTINER, D., ÖZKAN-ALTINER, S. & KOÇYİĞİT, A. 2000. Late Permian foraminiferal biofacies belts in Turkey: palaeogeographic and tectonic implications. In: BOZKURT, E., WINCHESTER, J.A. & PIPER, J.A.D. (eds), Tectonics ,-and Magmatism in Turkey and Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 83-96.
- ALTINER D., KOÇYİĞİT A., FARINACCI A., NICOSIA U. & CONTI M.A. 1991. Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous stratigraphy and paleogeographic evolution of the southern part of north-western Anatolia. Geologica Romana 27, 13-80.
- AYAROĞLU, H. 1979. Bozüyük metamorfitlerinin petrokimyasal özellikleri [Petrochemical features of the Bozüyük metamorphics]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 22, 101-107 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- AYDIN, M., SERDAR, H.S., ŞAHİNTÜRK, Ö. 1982. Orta Karadeniz bölgesinin jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları [Geology and petroleum potential of the central Black Sea region]. Türkiye 6. Petrol Kongresi Bildirileri, 63-71 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- AYDIN, M., ŞAHİNTÜRK, Ö., SERDAR, H.S., ÖZÇELİK, Y., AKARSU, İ., ÜNGÖR, A., ÇOKUĞRAŞ, R. & KASAR, S. 1986. Ballıdağ-Çangaldağı (Kastamonu) arasındaki bölgenin jeolojisi [Geology of the region between Ballıdağ-Çangaldağı (Kastamonu)]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 29, 1-16 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- AYDIN, M., DEMİR, 0., ÖZÇELİK, Y., TERZİOĞLU, N. & SATİR, M. 1995. A geological revision of İnebolu, Devrekani, Ağlı and Küre areas: New observations in Paleo-Tethys - Neo-Tethys sedimentary successions. In: ERLER, A., ERCAN, T., BİNGÖL, E. & ÖRÇEN, S. (eds), Geology of the Black Sea Region. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA), Ankara, Special Publication, 33-38.
- AYGEN, T. 1956. Etude gaologique de la region de Balya. Publication of the Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) D 11, 95 pp.
- BAILEY, E.B. & MCCALLIEN, W.J. 1950. The Ankara Melange and the Anatolian Thrust. Nature 166, 938-941.
- BAILEY, E.B. & MCCALLIEN, W.J. 1953. Serpentinite lavas, the Ankara melange and the Anatolian thrust. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 62, 403-442.
- BATMAN, B. 1978. Haymana kuzeyinin jeolojik evrimi ve yöredeki melanjın incelenmesi I: Stratigrafi birimleri [Geological evolution and investigation of the melange of the northern Haymana 1: Stratigraphic units]. Yerbilimleri 4, 95-124 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- BECCALETTO, L. & JENNY, C. 2004. Geology and Correlations of the Ezine Zone: a Rhodope Fragment in NW Turkey? Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 145-176.
- BİNGÖL, E., AKYÜREK, B. & KORKMAZER, B. 1975. Biga yarımadasının jeolojisi ve Karakaya Formasyonunun bazı özellikleri [The geology of the Biga Peninsula and some features of the Karakaya Formation]. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi Tebliğleri, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Publications, 70-77 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- BITTNER, A. 1892. Triaspetrafakten von Balia in Kleinasien. Jahrbuch der Ceologischen Reichsanstalt 4, 97-116.
- BLANC. P. 1965. Serie stratigraphique de Çal Köy (Anatolie Occidentale, Turquie): presence denspilites dans le Permien. Sociâte gaologique de France, Comptes Rendus 3, 100-102.
- BOZKURT. E. 1990. Karakaya Napi içinde yeni bir Karbonifer ve Permiyen bulgusu [A new Carboniferous and Permian findings in the Karakaya Nappe]. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 110.181-188 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- BOZKURT. E.. HOLDSWORTH. B.K. & KOÇYİĞİT. A. .1997. Implications of Jurassic chert identified in the Tokat Complex, northern Turkey. Geological Magazine 134. 91-97.
- BOZTUĞ, D., DEBON, F., LE FORT, P. & YILMAZ, 0. 1984. Geochemical characteristics of some plutons from the Kastamonu granitoid belt (Northern Anatolia, Turkey). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 64, 389-404.
- BRAGIN, N.Y., TEKİN, U.K. & ÖZÇELİK, Y. 2002. Middle Jurassic radiolarians from the Akgöl Formation, central Pontids, northern Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palâontologie, Monatshefte 2002/10, 609-628.
- BRINKMANN, R. 1971. Jungpalaozoikum und alteres Mesozoikum in NW-Anatolien. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 76, 56-67.
- ÇAPAN, U.Z. & FLOYD, P.A. 1985. Geochemical and petrographic features of metabasalts within units of Ankara melange, Turkey. Ofioliti 10,3-18.
- ÇAPKINOĞLU, Ş. & BEKTAŞ, 0. 1999. Karakaya Kompleksi'ne ait Karasenir Formasyonu (Amasya) içindeki kireçtaşı olistolitlerinden Erken Devoniyen konodontları [Early Devonian conodonts from the limestone olistoliths in the Karasenir Formation (Amasya) of the Karakaya Complex]. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 120, 159-170 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- ÇOĞULU, E. & KRUMMENACHER, D. 1967. Problemes geochronometriques dans le partie NW de l'Anatolie Centrale (Turquie). Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 47, 825-831.
- COPE, J.C.W. 1991. Ammonite faunas of the Ammonitico Rosso of the Pontide Mountains. Geological Romana 27, 303-326.
- DELALOYE, M. & BİNGÖL, E. 2000. Granitoids from Western and Northwestern Anatolia: Geochemistry and modeling of geodynamic evolution. International Geological Review 42, 241-268.
- ERK, A.S. 1942. Etude gaologique de la region entre Gemlik et Bursa (Turquie). Special Publication, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA), Ankara, Serie B 9, 295 pp.
- ERK, A.S. 1977. Ankara civarında Genç Paleozoyiğin Kulm fliş formasyonu [Kulm flysch formation of Late Palaeozoic age of the Ankara region]. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 88, 73-94 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- EROL, 0. 1956. Ankara Güneydoğusundaki Elma Dağı ve Çevresinin Jeolojisi ve Jeomorfolojisi Üzerinde Bir Araştırma [A study of the Geology and Geomorphology of the Region of Elmadağ, Southeast of Ankara]. SpeciaPPublication, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara, Serie D 9, 99 pp [in Turkish with English abstract].
- FLOYD, P.A. 1993. Geochemical discrimination and petrogenesis of alkalic basalt sequences in part of the Ankara melange, central Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150, 541-550.
- GALLET, Y., KRYSTYN, L, BESSE, J. & MARCOUX, J. 2003. Improving the Upper Triassic numerical time scale from cross-correlation between Tethyan marine sections and the continental Newark basin sequence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 212, 255-261.
- GEDİK, A. & KORKMAZ, S. 1984. Sinop havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları [Geology and petroleum potential of the Sinop basin]. Jeoloji Mühendisliği 19, 53-79 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- GENÇ, Ş. 1987. Geology of the Region Between Uludağ and İznik Lake: Guidebook and Field Guide Along Western Anatolia, Turkey. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (MTA) Publication, 19-25.
- GENÇ, Ş. 1 992- Geology of the Bursa Region. International Symposium on the Geology of Black Sea Region, Guide Book, 22-24.
- GENÇ, Ş.C. & YILMAZ, Y. 1995. Evolution of the Triassic continental margin, northwest Anatolia. Tectonophysics 243, 193-207.
- GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C., DİRİK, K. & KOZLU, H. 1997. General characteristics of pre-Alpine and Alpine Terranes in Turkey: Explanatory notes to the terrane map of Turkey. Annales Geologique de Pays Hellenique 37, 515-536.
- GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C., KUWAHARA, K., TEKİN, K.U. & TURHAN, N. 2004. Upper Permian (Changxingian) radiolarian cherts within the clastic successions of the "Karakaya Complex" in NW Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 201-213.
- GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C., TURHAN, N., ŞENTÜRK, K., ÖZCAN, A. & UYSAL, Ş. 2000. A geotraverse across NW Turkey: tectonic units of the central Sakarya region and their tectonic evolution. In: BOZKURT, E., WINCHESTER, J. & PIPER, J.A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 139-161.
- GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C., ERENDİL, M., TEKELİ, O., AKSAY, A., KUŞÇU, İ. & ÜRGÜN, B. 1987. Geology of the Armutlu Peninsula. IGCP Project 5, Guide Book. Field Excursion along W-Anatolia, 12-18.
- GÜMÜŞ, A. 1964. Contribution a I'etude geologique du secteur septentrional de Kalabak Köy - Eymir Köy (region d'Edremit), Turquie. Special Publication, Maden Tetkik Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara 117, 109 pp.
- HARLAND, W.B., ARMSTRONG, R.L., COX, A.V., CRAIG, L.E., SMITH, A.G. & SMITH, D.G. 1989. A Geological Time Scale 1989. Cambridge University Press.
- KAHLER, F. & KAHLER, G. 1979. Fusuliniden (Foraminifera) aus dem Karbon und Perm von West-Anatolian und dem Iran. Mitteilungen der Ûsterreichischen Geologische Gesellschaft 70, 187-269.
- KALAFATÇIOĞLU, A. 1963. Geology around Ezine and Bozcaada, the age of the limestones and serpentinites. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Bulletin 60, 61-70.
- KAYA, O. 1991. Stratigraphy of the pre-Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the western parts of Turkey: type area study and tectonic considerations. Newsletter for Stratigraphy 23, 123-140.
- KAYA, 0. & MOSTLER, H. 1992. A Middle Triassic age for low-grade greenschist facies metamorphic sequence in Bergama (Izmir), western Turkey: the first paleontological age assignment and structural-stratigraphic implications. Newsletter for Stratigraphy 26, 1-17.
- KAYA, 0., WIEDMANN, J. & KOZUR, H. 1986. Preliminary report on the stratigraphy, age and structure of the so-called Late Paleozoic and/or Triassic "melange or "suture zone complex" of northwestern and western Turkey. Yerbilimleri 13, 1-16.
- KAYA, O., ÖZKOÇAK, 0. & LISENBEE, A. 1989. Stratigraphy of the pre-Jurassic blocky sedimentary rocks to the south of Bursa, NW Turkey. Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey (MTA) Bulletin 109, 15-24.
- KETIN, İ. 1962. Explanatory Text of the Geological Map of Turkey at 1/500 000 Scale, Sinop Sheet Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara, 111 p.
- KOÇYİĞİT, A. 1987. Hasanoğlan (Ankara) yöresinin tektono-stratigrafisi: Karakaya orojenik kuşağının evrimi [Tectonostratigraphy of the Hasanoğlan (Ankara) region: evolution of the Karakaya orogenic belt]. Yerbilimleri 14, 269-294 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- KOÇYİĞİT, A. 1991. First remarks on the geology of the Karakaya basin: Karakaya orogen re-Jurassic nappes in Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geologica Romana 26, 3-11.
- KOÇYİĞİT, A. & ALTINER, D. 1990. Stratigraphy of the Halılar (Edremit-Balikesir) area: implications for the remnant Karakaya basin and its diachronic closure. In: SAVAŞÇIN, M.Y. & ERONAT, A.H. (eds), Proceedings, International Earth Sciences Congress on Aegean Region, 339-352.
- KOZUR, H. 1997. Pelagic Permian and Triassic of the western Tethys and its paleogeographic and stratigraphic significance. Abstracts, XLVIII. Berg- und Hüttenmannischer Tag, Technische Universitat Bergakademie Freiberg, 21-25.
- KOZUR, H. & KAYA, O. 1994. First evidence of pelagic Late Permian conodonts from NW Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paleontologie Monatshefte 6, 339-347.
- KOZUR, H., AYDIN, M., DEMİR, 0., YAKAR, H., GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C. & KURU, F. 2000. New stratigraphic and palaeogeographic results from the Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic of the Middle Pontides (northern Turkey) in the Azdavay, Devrekani, Küre and İnebolu areas. Implications for the Carboniferous-Early Cretaceous geodynamic evolution and some related remarks to the Karakaya oceanic rift basin. Geologica Croatica 53, 209-268.
- LEVEN, E.JA. 1995. Lower Permian fusulinids from the vicinity of Ankara (Turkey). Rivista Italiana Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 101, 235-248.
- LEVEN, E.JA. & OKAY, A.İ. 1996. Foraminifera from the exotic Permo-Carboniferous limestone blocks in the Karakaya Complex, northwest Turkey. Rivista Italiana Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 102, 139-174.
- NORMAN, T. 1975. Ankara melanjının yapısı hakkında [On the structure of the Ankara melange]. Cumhuriyetin 50. Yılı Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 71-94 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- OKAN, Y. 1982. Elmadağ formasyonunun (Ankara) yaşı ve alt bölümleri [Age and subdivision of the Elmadağ Formation (Ankara)]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 25, 95-104 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- OKAY, A.İ. 1984. The geology of the Ağvanis metamorphic rocks and neighbouring formations. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 99/100, 16-36.
- OKAY A.İ. 1989. Tectonic units and sutures in the Pontides, northern. Turkey. In: ŞENGÖR, Â.M.C. (ed), Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, 109-115.
- OKAY, A.İ. 1996. Granulite fades gneisses from the Pulur region, Eastern Pontides. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 5, 55-61.
- OKAY, A.İ. 2000. Was the Late Triassic orogeny in Turkey caused by the collision of an oceanic plateau ? In: BOZKURT, E., WINCHESTER, J.A. & PIPER, J.A.D. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 25-41.
- OKAY, A.İ. & ALTINER, D. 2004. Uppermost Triassic limestone in the Karakaya Complex - stratigraphic and tectonic significance. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 187-199.
- OKAY, A.İ., HARRIS, N.B.W. & KELLEY, S.P. 1998. Exhumation of blueschists along a Tethyan suture in northwest Turkey. Tectonophysics 285, 275-299.
- OKAY, A.İ. & MONIE, P. 1997. Early Mesozoic subduction in the Eastern Mediterranean: evidence from Triassic eclogite in northwest Turkey. Geology 25, 595-598.
- OKAY, A.İ. & MOSTLER, H. 1994. Carboniferous and Permian radiolarite blocks in the Karakaya Complex in northwest Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 3, 23-28.
- OKAY, A.İ. & TÜYSÜZ, O. 1999. Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In: DURAND, B. JOLIVET, L. HORVÂTH, F. & SERANNE, M. (eds), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 156, 475-515.
- OKAY, A.İ., MONOD, 0. & MONIE, P. 2002. Triassic blueschists and eclogites from northwest Turkey: vestiges of the Paleo-Tethyan subduction. Lithos 64, 155-178.
- OKAY, A.İ., SATIR, M., MALUSKI, H., SIYAKO, M., MONIE, P., METZGER, R. & AKYÜZ, S. 1996. Paleo- and Neo-Tethyan events in northwest Turkey: geological and geochronological constraints. In: YIN, A. & HARRISON, M. (eds), Tectonics of Asia. Cambridge University Press, 420-441.
- OKAY, A.İ. & SİYAKO, M. 1993. The new position of the İzmir-Ankara Neo-Tethyan suture between Izmir and Balıkesir. In: TURGUT, S. (ed), Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Potential of Anatolia and Surrounding Regions. Proceedings of the Ozan Sungurlu Symposium, Ankara, 333-355.
- OKAY, A.İ., SIYAKO, M. & BURKAN, K.A. 1991. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Biga Peninsula, northwest Turkey. Bulletin of the Technical University of İstanbul 44, 191 -256.
- ÖNDER, F. 1988. Kayabaşı Formasyonu'nda bulunan Triyas konodontlarının taksonomik karakterleri [Taxonomic characters of the Triassic conodonts from the Kayabaşı Formation]. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri A 5, 67-90 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- ÖNDER, F. & GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C. 1989. Armutlu yarımadasında (Batı Pontidler) Üst Triyas konodontları (Upper Triassic conodonts from the Armutlu Peninsula (western Pontides)]. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA) Dergisi 109, 147-152 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- PICKETT, E. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 1996. Formation of the Late Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic Karakaya Complex and related ophiolites in NW Turkey by paleotethyan subduction-accretion. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 995-1009.
- PICKETT, E. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 2004. Significance of the Triassic volcanogenic Nilüfer Unit for Paleotethys and the Karakaya suture zone in NW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 97-143.
- PICKETT, E.A., ROBERTSON, A.H.F. & DIXON, J.E. 1995. The Karakaya Complex, NW Turkey: A Palaeo-Tethyan accretionary complex. In: ERLER, A., ERCAN, T., BİNGÖL, E. & ÖRÇEN, S. (eds), Geology of the Black Sea Region. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü (MTA), Ankara, Special Publication, 11-18.
- ROJAY, B. 1995. Post-Triassic evolution of Central Pontides: evidence from Amasya region, northern Anatolia. Geologica Romana 31, 329-350.
- ROJAY, B. & GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C. 1997. Tectonic setting of some pre-Liassic low grade metamorphics in northern Anatolia. Yerbilimleri 19, 109-118.
- SEYMEN, İ. 1993. Mecitözü dolayının stratigrafik gelişimi [Stratigraphic development of the Mecitözü region]. A. Suat Erk Jeolojisi Sempozyumu (2-5 Eylül 1991) Bildiriler Kitabı, 129-141 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- SEYMEN, İ. 1997. Tokat Masifi tektonostratigrafisinde yeni bulgular [New findings in the tectonostratigraphy of the Tokat Massif]. Selçuk Üniversitesi 20. Yıl Jeoloji Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 405-414 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. 1984. The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 193, 82 pp.
- ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. 2003. The Repeated Rediscovery of Melanges and its Implications for the Possibility and the Role of Objective Evidence in The Scientific Enterprise. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 373, 385-445.
- ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. & YILMAZ, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey, a plate tectonic approach: Tectonophysics 75, 181-241.
- ŞENGÖR, A.M.C, YILMAZ, Y. & SUNGURLU, O. 1984. Tectonics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Paleo-Tethys. In: Dixon, J.E. & Robertson, A.H.F. (eds), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediteranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 17, 77-112.
- TEKELİ, O. 1981. Subduction complex of pre-Jurassic age, northern Anatolia, Turkey. Geology 9, 68-72.
- TOPUZ, G., ALTHERR, R., KALT, A., SATIR, M., WERNER, 0., SCHWARTZ, W.H. 2004a. Aluminous granulites from the Pulur Complex, NE Turkey: a case of partial melting, efficient melt extraction and crystallisation. Lithos 72, 183-207.
- TOPUZ, G., ALTHERR, R., SATİR, M., SCHWARTZ, W.H. 2004b. Low-grade metamorphic rocks from the Pulur Complex, NE Turkey: implicatrions for the pre-Liassic evolution of the Eastern Pontides. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93, 72-91.
- TURHAN, N., OKUYUCU, C. & GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C. 2004. Autochthonous Upper Permian (Midian) carbonates in the western Sakarya Composite Terrane, Geyve area, Turkey: preliminary data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 215-229.
- TÜYSÜZ, O. 1990. Tectonic evolution of a part of the Tethyside orogenic collage: The Kargı Massif, northern Turkey. Tectonics 9, 141-160.
- TÜYSÜZ, O. 1996. Amasya ve çevresinin jeolojisi [Geology of the Amasya region]. Türkiye 11. Petrol Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 32-48 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- TÜYSÜZ, 0. & YİĞİTBAŞ, E. 1994. The Karakaya basin: a Palaeo-Tethyan marginal basin and its age of opening. Acta Geologica Hungarica 37, 327-250.
- USTAÖMER, T. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 1994. Late Paleozoic marginal basin and subduction-accretion: the Paleotethyan Küre Complex, central Pontides, northern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1S 1,291-305.
- USTAÖMER, T. & ROBERTSON, A.H.F. 1999. Geochemical evidence used to test alternative plate tectonic models for the pre-Upper Jurassic (Palaeotethyan) units in the central Pontides, N Turkey. Geological Journal 34, 25-53.
- WIEDMANN, J., KOZUR, H. & KAYA, 0. 1992. Faunas and age significance of the pre-Jurassic turbidite-olistostrome unit in the western parts of Turkey. Newsletter for Stratigraphy 26, 133-144.
- YALINIZ, M.K. & GöNCÜOĞLU, M.C. 2002. Geochemistry and petrology of "Nilüfer-type" metabasic rocks of eastern Kozak Massif, NW Turkey. 1st International Symposium Faculty of Mines (İTÜ) on Earth Sciences & Engineering 16-18 May 2002, İstanbul, Abstracts, 158.
- YALTIRAK, C. 2003. Edremit Körfezi ve Kuzeyinin Jeodinamik Evrimi [Geodynamic Evolution of the Edremit Bay and the Region to the North]. PhD Thesis, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 243 p [in Turkish with English abstract, unpublished].
- YILMAZ, A. & YILMAZ, H. 2004. Geology and structural evolution of the Tokat Massif (Eastern Pontides, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 231-246.
- YILMAZ, 0. & BOZTUĞ, D. 1986. Kastamonu granitoid belt of northern Turkey: First arc plutonism product related to the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys. Geology 14, 179-183.
- YILMAZ, Y. 1979. Söğüt-Bilecik bölgesinde polimetamorfizma ve bunların jeoteknik anlamı [Poiymetamorphism in the Söğüt-Bilecik region and its geotechnical implications ]. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 22, 85-100 [in Turkish with English abstract].
- YILMAZ, Y. 1981. Sakarya kıtası güney kenarının tektonik evrimi [Tectonic evolution of the southern margin of the Sakarya Continent]. İstanbul Yerbilimleri 1, 33-52.
- YILMAZ, Y., SERDAR, H.S., GENÇ, C., YİĞİTBAŞ, E., GÜRER, Ö.F., ELMAS, A., YILDIRIM, M., BOZCU, M. & GÜRPINAR, 0. 1997a. The geology and evolution of the Tokat Massif, south-central Pontides, Turkey. International Geology Review 39, 365-382.
- YILMAZ, Y., TÜYSÜZ, 0., YİĞİTBAŞ, E., GENÇ, Ş.C. & ŞENGÖR, A.M.C. 1997b. Geology and tectonic evolution of the Pontides. In: ROBINSON, A.G. (ed), Regional and Petroluem Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 68, 183-226.
| APA | OKAY A, GÖNCÜOĞLU M (2004). The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. , 77 - 95. |
| Chicago | OKAY Aral İ.,GÖNCÜOĞLU M. Cemal The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. (2004): 77 - 95. |
| MLA | OKAY Aral İ.,GÖNCÜOĞLU M. Cemal The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. , 2004, ss.77 - 95. |
| AMA | OKAY A,GÖNCÜOĞLU M The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. . 2004; 77 - 95. |
| Vancouver | OKAY A,GÖNCÜOĞLU M The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. . 2004; 77 - 95. |
| IEEE | OKAY A,GÖNCÜOĞLU M "The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts." , ss.77 - 95, 2004. |
| ISNAD | OKAY, Aral İ. - GÖNCÜOĞLU, M. Cemal. "The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts". (2004), 77-95. |
| APA | OKAY A, GÖNCÜOĞLU M (2004). The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13(2), 77 - 95. |
| Chicago | OKAY Aral İ.,GÖNCÜOĞLU M. Cemal The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, no.2 (2004): 77 - 95. |
| MLA | OKAY Aral İ.,GÖNCÜOĞLU M. Cemal The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 2004, ss.77 - 95. |
| AMA | OKAY A,GÖNCÜOĞLU M The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2004; 13(2): 77 - 95. |
| Vancouver | OKAY A,GÖNCÜOĞLU M The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 2004; 13(2): 77 - 95. |
| IEEE | OKAY A,GÖNCÜOĞLU M "The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts." Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, ss.77 - 95, 2004. |
| ISNAD | OKAY, Aral İ. - GÖNCÜOĞLU, M. Cemal. "The Karakaya Complex: A review of data and concepts". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13/2 (2004), 77-95. |
