The renowned Roman jurist, statesman and orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) after reaching the highest post in the Roman Republic, the consulate (63 BC) experienced serious problems in his political career. After his return from exile in 58 BC Cicero focused mostly upon his philosophical and literary works. Although it was customary for the appointment of an ex-consul to the provincial governorship, Cicero was quite surprised when his governorship came into question and he was very reluctant to take up this post while many others were eager to obtain such an office. Nevertheless, Cicero was appointed to the post of governorship of Cilicia with the rank of proconsul, holding office from July 51 to July of 50 BC Cicero held the Cilician governorship in the late Republican period when corruption and misgovernment in the Roman provincial administration increased considerably, but during his tenure in office, he set an example of how a Roman governor should act. In addition to the political and military measures he took against both political unrest in his province and against the potential Parthian threat from outside the province, he also made some economic arrangements such as tax regulations. In this paper while discussing the Cilician governorship of Cicero as one of the leading political and intellectual figure of the late Roman Republican period, light is also cast upon the political and economic conditions in the province during his governorship.