Yıl: 2012 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 69 - 91 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama

Öz:
Avrupa Birliği, 2020 hedefi doğrultusunda yaşamboyu öğrenme şemsiyesi altında, yarım yüzyılı aşkın bir süredir kurguladığı politika ve tedbirleri konsolide ederek topyekün bir eğitim inisiyatifi başlatmış durumdadır. Türkiye'deki eğitim alanındaki yetkili kurumların bu süreci yakından izlemeleri sonucu, son birkaç yılda yasal ve kurumsal birçok düzenleme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaşamboyu öğrenmenin kavramsal ve felsefi arkaplanı, tanınması ve stratejileri; yapılandırılmış, yarı yapılandırılmış ve yapılandırılmamış eğitimin yaşamboyu öğrenmedeki yeri; yaşamboyu öğrenmenin ölçülmesi ve finansman yolları ile yaşamboyu öğrenmeye farklı uluslararası bakış açıları bu çalışmada ele alınmaktadır. Avrupa'nın 2020 Vizyonundaki eğitim ve öğretim stratejisinde yaşamboyu öğrenmenin kurgusu ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Avrupa, bir yandan mesleki diğer yandan akademik ağırlıklı eğitim çerçevesinde insan kaynakları vizyonunu meslek, eğitim ve ekonomik faaliyet sınıfl aması doğrultusunda bir bütünsellik içinde kurgulayarak politika geliştirmekte ve buna uygun enstrümanlarla performansı izleyerek güncelleme yapmaktadır. Avrupa'nın yaşamboyu öğrenme yaklaşımının, ülkemiz bakımından referans alınabilecek yetkinlikte bir politika olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği yaşamboyu öğrenme deneyimini bir referans olması itibariyle değerlendirmekte ve Türkiye bakımından bir model olarak önermektedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Uluslararası İlişkiler

Lifelong Learning: Concept, Policy, Instruments and Implementation

Öz:
European Union has started an education & training initiative under the umbrella of lifelong learning to achieve the 2020 Agenda targets. Th is initiative has nearly half of a century time horizon, and all designed policies and measures have been consolidated under this initiative. Turkish Education authorities have been monitoring this European eff ort closely and made important legal and institutional regulations in recent couple of years. Th is study examines the primary aspects of lifelong learning in detail: conceptual and philosophical background; recognition strategies; the place of formal, non-formal and informal learning in the lifelong learning approach; financing and measurement ways of lifelong learning; and variety of perspectives of international institutions. In addition, education and training strategy of the Europe's 2020 vision of lifelong learning is also evaluated in detail. Th e human resources vision of the Europe considers education, occupation and economic activities together to allow authorities to plan the future of the European societies. Th e updating mechanisms of this approach are designed both domestically at national and internationally at European levels. It is concluded, in this study, that the lifelong learning policy and implementation of the Europe should be taken as benchmark.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Uluslararası İlişkiler
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Andersson, P., Harris J. (2006). Re-Theorising the Recognition of Prior Learning. Leicester, UK: NIACE.
  • Andersson, P., Fejes, A., Ahn, S-E. (2004). Recognition of Prior Vocational Learning in Sweden. Studies in the Education of Adults, 36(1), 57-71. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/ education/more-information/doc/2010/reforms.pdf
  • Andresen, L., Boud, D., Cohen R. (1995). Experience-Based Learning: Contemporary Issues. G. Foley (Ed.), Understanding Adult Education and Training (2nd ed., pp. 225-239). Sydney: Allen Unwin.
  • Aspin, D.N., Chapman, J. D. (2001). Lifelong Learning: Concepts, Theories and Values, Proceedings ofthe 31stAnnua/Conference of SCUTREA: 38-41. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://add-life.unigraz.at/cms/files/add-life_opensymposiumreader_web_0.pdf
  • Avoseh, M. B. M. (2001). Learning to Be Active Citizens: Lessons of Traditional Africa for Lifelong Learning. lnternationalJournal of Lifelong Education, 20(6), 479-486.
  • Bentley, T. (2000). Learning beyond the Classroom. Educational Management, Administration and Leadership, 28(3), 353-364.
  • BFUG, 2003. Bologna Process between Prague and Berlin, Report to the Ministers of Education of the Signatory Countries, Berlin, Reporter: Pavel Zgaga.
  • BFUG, 2009. From London to Leuven/Louvain-la-Neuve, Report on the Work Programme of the Bologna Follow-up Group (2007- 2009). Benelux Bologna Secretariat.
  • Bjornavold, J. (2000). Making Learning Visible: Identification, Assessment and Recognition of Non-Formal Learning in Europe. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.uk.ecorys.com/ europeaninventory/publications/policy/Cedefop_making_ learning_visible.pdf
  • Bryce, J., Frigo, T., McKenzie, P., Withers, G. (2000). The Era of Lifelong Learning: Implications for Secondary Schools. Erişim: http://research.acer.edu.au/lifelong_learning/1/
  • Burbules, N. and C. Torres. (2000). Globalization and Education: An Introduction. N. Burbules C. Torres (Eds.) Globalization and Education: Critical Perspectives. New York, London: Routledge.
  • Burke, R., van Kleef, J. (1997). Prior Learning Assessment in Canada. Career Planning and Adult Development, 12(4), 23-28.
  • Burns, GE. (2001) Toward Redefinition of Formal and Informal Learning: Education and the Aboriginal People, NALL Working Paper #28-2001. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.na||.ca/ res/28towardaredef.htm
  • Canadian Council on Learning. The CLI lndicators. Erişim: Ocak 2012,http://www.c|i-ica.ca/en/about/about-cli/indicators. aspx
  • Cedefop, 2003. Lifelong Learning: Citizens' View., Luxembourg. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/ archives/ebs/ebs_185_en.pdf
  • Cedefop, 2005. The Learning Continuity: European Inventory on Validating Non-formal and Informal Learning National Policies and Practices in Validating Non-formal and Informal Learning. Cedefop Panorama Series 117, Luxembourg. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.Cedefop.europa.eu/EN/ publications/13259.aspx
  • Cedefop, 2007a. European Principles for Validating Nonformal and Informal Learning. European Guidelines for Validating Non Formal and Informal Learning, Luxembourg. Office for Official Publications ofthe European Communities. Erişim: Aralık 2010, www.Cedefop.europa.eu/etv/Upload/lnformation.../4073_ en.pdf
  • Cedefop, 2007b. Recognition and Validation Of Non-Formal And Informal Learning For VET Teachers and Trainers In the EU Member States. Cedefop Panorama Series 147, Luxembourg. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.Cedefop.europa.eu/etv/ Upload/Information_resources/Bookshop/480/5174_en.pdf
  • Cedefop, 2009a. European guidelines for validating non formal and informal learning. Luxembourg, Cedefop, 2009b. Skills for Europe's Future: Anticipating Occupational Skill Needs. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www. Cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/5194_en.pdf 88
  • Cedefop, 2009c. Future Skill Supply in Europe. Medium-Term Forecast Up To 2020: Key Findings. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http:// www.Cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Fi|es/8016_en.pdf
  • Cedefop, 2011. Developing life/ong learning. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.Cedefop.europa.eu/EN/developing-lifelonglearning/index.aspx CERI (Centre for Educational Research and Innovation), 2001. Education Policy Analysis. OECD, Paris.
  • Chapman, ]. D., Aspin, D. N. (1997). The School, the Community and Lifelong Learning. London: Cassell.
  • Chisholm, L., Larson, A. Mossoux, A-F. (2004). Life/ong Learning: Citizens' Views in Close-Up, Findings from Dedicated Eurobarometer Survey, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • CoEU, 2009. Council Conclusions of 12 May 2009 on Strategic Framework for European Cooperation in Education and Training ('ET 2020'), (2009/c 119/02). Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LeeriServ.do?uri=OJ:C: 2009:119:0002:0010:EN:PDF
  • Colardyn, D., Bjornavold, ]. (2004). Validation of Formal, NonFormal and Informal Learning: policy and practices in EU Member States. European Journal of Education, 39(1), 69--89. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.competences.info/ibak/root/ img/pool/docs/open/bjornalvold_colardyn_example_en.pdf
  • Colley, H., Hodkinson P., Malcolm J. (2002). Non-formal Learning: Mapping the Conceptual Terrain. Consultation Report. Leeds: University of Leeds Lifelong Learning Institute. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.infed.org/archives/e-texts/ colley_informal_learning.htm
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2001. Making European Area of Lifelong Learning Reality. Brussels, 21 November, Com (2001) 678 Final. [Erişim: Ocak 2012, http:// europa.eu/Iegislation_summaries/education_training_youth/ lifelong_learning/c11054_en.htm
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2006. Adult Learning: It Is Never Too Late to Learn. Brussels, 23 October, Com (2006) 614 Final. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://europa.eu/|egis|ation_ summaries/education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/ c11097_en.htm
  • Commission of the European Communities, 2008. New Skills For NewJobs: Anticipating And Matching Labour MarketAnd Skills Needs, Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament. The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 16 December, Com (2008) 868 Final, {SEC(2008) 3058}.
  • Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://europa.eu/|egis|ation_summaries/ education_training_youth/lifelong_learning/em0012_en.htm
  • Coombs, P. H., Ahmed, M. (1974). Attacking Rural Poverty: How Non-formal Education Can Help. Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Dave, R. H. (1976). Foundations of Life/ong Education. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
  • Delors, ]. (1996). Learning: The Treasure within Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twentyfirst Century. UNESCO.
  • Duke, C. (1999). Lifelong Learning: Implication for the University of the 21st Century. Higher Education Management, 11(1), 19-35.
  • Duvekot, R., Scanlon G., Charraud A. M., Schuur K., Coughlan D., Nilsen-Mohn T., Klarus R., Paulusse J. (2007). Managing European Diversity in Life/ong Learning the Many
  • Perspectives of the Valuation of Prior Learning in the European Workplace. HAN University, Foundation EC-VPL Hogeschool van Amsterdam.
  • Duvekot, R., Schuur, K., Paulusse J. (2005). The Unfinished Story of VPL Valuation and Validation of Prior Learning in Europe's Learning Cultures. Vught, Foundation EC-VPL, Kenniscentrum EVC.
  • EC, 2000, Memorandum on Lifelong Learning. SEC (2000) 1832. EC, 2001. Making European Area of Lifelong Learning Reality: Communication from the Commission.
  • EC, 2003. Implementing Lifelong Learning Strategies in Europe: Progress Report On The Follow-Up To The Council Resolution of 2002 on Lifelong Learning. Brussels.
  • EC, 2007. Adult Learning Professions in Europe: Study of the Current Situation, Trends and Issues. Draft interim report, July. EC, 2010a. Lifelong Learning Programme General Call For Proposals 2011-2013 Strategic Priorities. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/ doc78_en.htm
  • EC, 2010b. Conclusions, I. Europe 2020: New European Strategy forJobs and Growth, EUCO 7/10, 25/26 March. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/ docs/pressdata/en/ec/l13591.pdf
  • EC, 2010c. Employment, Social Afiairs Inclusion. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?cat|d=88&lang|d= en&events|d=232&furtherEvents=yes
  • EC, 2010d. Education and Training, Validation of Non-formal and Informal Learning. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/ education/lifelong-learning-policy/doc52_en.htm
  • EC, 2010e. Europe 2020 Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Communication from the Commission: COM (2010) 2020. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/ pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20 Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf
  • EC, 2010f. Grundtvig: Practical Learning for Adults. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/doc86_en.htm
  • EC, 2010g. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/education/ ||p/doc/call11/prior_en.pdf
  • EC, 2011a. Education and Training, Strategic Framework for Education and Training. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://ec.europa. eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/framework_en.htm
  • EC, 2011b. Education and Training, Main policy initiatives and outputs in education and training since the year 2000: Strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training ("ET 2020"), Policy framework. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/ doc1120_en.htm
  • EC, 2012a. Life/ong Learning Statistics. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http:// epp.Eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/ Lifelong_learning_statistics
  • Cilt/Volume 2, Sayı/Number 2, Ağustos/August 2012; Sayfa/Pages 69--91 EC, 2012b. Mobility and Life/ong Learning Instruments. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learningpolicy/mobility_en.htm
  • EC, 2012c. The Life/ong Learning Programme: Education and Training Opportunities for All. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http:// ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/ doc78_en.htm
  • Edwards, R., Usher, R. (2001). Lifelong Learning: Postmodern Condition of Education? Adult Education Quarterly, 51(4), 273- 287.
  • EHEA, 2010. Bologna Seminars 2007-2009. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.ehea.info/article--details.aspx?ArticleId=176
  • Eraut, M. (2000). Non-formal Learning, Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge in Professional Work. F. Coffield (Ed.), The Necessity of Informal Learning. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Eraut, M., Alderton, J., Cole, G., Senker, P. (1998). Learning from Other People at Work. F. Coffield (Ed.), Learning at Work, Bristol: The Policy Press.
  • EU, 2008. New Skills for New Jobs Anticipating and Matching Labour Market and Skills Needs. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament. The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM (2008) 868. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri= COM:2008:0868:F|N:EN:PDF
  • EU, 2010. Life/ong Learning Programme, General Call for Proposals 2011-2013, Strategic Prioritie. 27.10.2010 Official Journal of the European Union 290/13. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/ doc78_en.htm
  • EU, Allume (A Life/ong Learning University Model for Europe. Erişim: Aralık 2010, .http://a||ume.eucen.eu/
  • European Commission, Education, Audiovisual Culture Executive Agency, 2011. Allume: Life/ong Learning University Model for Europe: Progress Report (Public Part). Erişim: Ocak 2011, http://www.ehea.info/Uploads/ALLUME_ProjectDescription. pdf
  • European Society of Association Education, 2005. What is Lifelong Learning? The view from the European Commission. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.esae.org/articles/2007_08_005.pdf
  • Eurostat, 2001. Measuring Lifelong Learning, Task Force Report (TF/MLLL). Spyridon Pilos, Education and Training Statistics, March, Eurostat Working Papers, Population and Social Conditions 3/2001/E/No.4.
  • Eurostat, 2006. Classifications for Learning Activities: Manual, Education, Science and Culture Statistics, Eurostat Working Papers, Population and Social Conditions 3/2006/F/No.31.
  • Falch, T., Oosterbeek, H. (2011). Financing Lifelong Learning: Funding Mechanisms In Education and Training. European Expert Network on Economics of Education (EENEE), European Commission Education and Culture, No.10.
  • Golding, B. (2002). Learning Community Builds Social Capital: Ballarat East Community. |, Falk, J. Balatti, B. Golding (Eds.), Building Communities: ACE, Life/ong Learning and Social Capital. Melbourne: Centre for Research and Learning in Regional Australia University of Tasmania Launceston.
  • Faris, R. (2004). Lifelong Learning, Social Capital and Place Management in Learning Communities and Regions: Rubic's Cube or Kaleidoscope? Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://members. shaw.ca/rfaris/docs/hottopic.pdf
  • Faure, E., Herrera, F., Kaddoura, A. R., Lopes, H., Petrovsky, A. V., Rahnema, M., Ward, F. C. (1972). Learning to Be: The World of Education Today and Tomorrow. Paris: UNESCO. Field, J. (2005). Social Capital and Lifelong Learning. Bristol: Policy Press.
  • Friberg, N. (2007). What is Validation? Validation in the Nordic Countries. Communication to the Conference of the NVL Network, Reykjavik.
  • Holford, J., Patulny, R., Sturgis, P. (2005). Indicators of Non-formal Informal Educational Contributions to Active Citizenship, Paper Prepared for the European Commission by University of Surrey. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://crel|.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ ActiveCitizenship/Conference/05_Surrey_final.pdf
  • Hollanders, H. Soete, L. (2010). The Growing Role of Knowledge in the Global Economy. UNESCO Science Report, Executive Summary; the Current Status of Science around the World. ILO, 2004. R195 Human Resources Development Recommendation. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde. p|?R195
  • Ireland Ministry of Education and Science, 2000. Learning for Lıfe: White Paper on Adult Education, July. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/special/2000/ whitepaper/adult_educ.pdf
  • Isabelle, R. (1994). Prior Learning Assessment in Canada. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada. Erişim: Aralık 2010, fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/"plar/database/1-2-3.html
  • Jarvis, P. (2004). Adult Education and Lifelong Learning: Theory and Practice (3rd ed.). Routledge.
  • Knapper, C. K., Cropley, A. (2000). Lifelong Learning in Higher Education (3rd ed.). London: Kogan Page. Koper, R., Specht, M. (2008). Ten-Competence: Life-Long Competence Development and Learning. M-A. Cicilia (Ed.), Competencies in Organizational e-Iearning: concepts and tools (pp. 234-252). Hershey: IGI-Global.
  • Koper, R., Verjans, S. (2008). Employability and Lifelong Learning In The Knowledge Society [special issue], CampusWide lnformation Systems, 25(4), (Selected papers from the e-portfolio 2007 conference, October, 15-19, 2007, Maastricht, The Netherlands). Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://hd|. handle.net/1820/1679
  • Livingstone, D. W. (2000). Exploring the Icebergs of Adult Learning: Findings of the First Canadian Survey of Informal Learning Practices. NALL working paper #10-2000. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.nal|.ca/res/index.htm
  • Livingstone, D. W. (2001). Adults' Informal Learning: Definitions, Findings, Gaps and Future Research. NALL Working Paper 21-2001. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.na||.ca/res/index. htm
  • Medel-Ahonuevo, C., Ohsako, T., Mauch, W. (2001). Revisiting Lifelong Learning for the 21st Century, UNESCO Institute for Education. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.paklife.net/ nfer_|ibrary/Reports/4-68.pdf 90
  • Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 2009. Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Strateji Belgesi. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.mesbil.meb.gov.tr/.../ hayat%20boyu%20öğrenme%20dokuman.pdf
  • Nordstrom, N. M. (2001). Education Policy Analysis. Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI), OECD, Paris. Nordstrom, N. M. (2008). Top 10 Benefits of Lifelong Learning. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/ Top_10_Benefits_of_Life|ong_Learning.htm|
  • OECD Observer, 2004. Lifelong Learning, Policy Brief, February. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/17/11/29478789.pdf
  • OECD, 1994. Assessment and Recognition of Skills and Competences, unpublished document prepared for the OECD
  • Education, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee.
  • OECD, 1996. Lifelong Learning for AII: Meeting of the Education Committee at Ministerial Level, 16--17 January, Paris.
  • OECD, 1997. Lifelong LearningforA/l. Paris.
  • OECD, 2007a. Qualifications Systems: Bridges to Lifelong Learning, OECD, Paris. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.oecd.org/docum ent/53/0,3343,en_2649_39263238_38465013_1_1_1_1,00. html
  • OECD, 2007b. Recognition of Non-Formal and Informal Learning, Project Plan and Rationale for the Activity. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/6/41782275.pdf
  • OECD, 2007c. Terms, Concepts And Models forAnalysing the Value of Recognition Programmes, RNFIL- Third Meeting of National Representatives and International Organisations, October, Vienna, Austria. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/33/58/41834711.pdf
  • OECD, 2007d. Thematic Review on Recognition of Nonformal and Informal Learning: Country Background Report (Australia), September. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.oecd.org/docum ent/43/0,3746,en_2649_39263238_33911403_1_1_1_1,00. html
  • OECD, 2010. Recognition of Non-formal and Informal Learning. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.oecd.org/document/25/0,33 43,en_2649_39263238_37136921_1_1_1_37455,00.htm|
  • OECD, 2012. Financing Lifelong Learning Country Reports Home Page. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.oecd.org/document/43/ 0,3746,en_2649_39263238_33911403 1,00.htm|
  • Oosterbeek, H., Patrinos, H. A. (2008). Financing Lifelong Learning. Policy Research Working Paper 4569, the World Bank, Human Development Network Education Team.
  • Palacios, M. (2003). Options for Financing Lifelong Learning. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2994, March.
  • Ryan, P. (2003). Lifelong learning: Potential and constraints with special reference to policies in the United Kingdom and Europe, Skills Development Department. ILO, Geneva, WP/Formatted only/WP15.doc.
  • Schugurensky, D. (2000). The Forms of Informal Learning: Towards Conceptualization of the Field. NALL Working Paper #19 -2000. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.nal|.ca/res/index.htm
  • Simmons-McDonald, H. (2009). Employability and life/ong learning, ICDE Standing Conference of Presidents- Quality in the Context of the Financial Crisis, Barcelona, Spain 19-21 November. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.openpraxis.com/ files/Simmons-McDonald.pdf
  • Singh, M. (2011). Lessons Towards Building National RPL System. National RPL conference: Bridging and Expanding Existing Islands of Excellent Practice, Johannesburg, 23 to 25
  • February. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.saqa.org.za/docs/ events/2011/rpl_conf/presentations/singh_madhu1.pdf
  • Spring, ]. (2009). Globalization of Education. Routledge.
  • Sujatna, M. L., Siregar, A. T. B. (2011). Web as Lifelong Media for Building Language Learning. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http:// iclll2011.oum.edu.my/extfiles/pdf/Web%20as%20a%20 Lifelong%20Media%20for%ZOBuilding%20Language%20 Learning.pdf
  • Teichler, U. (1999). Lifelong Learning as Challenge for Higher Education: the State of Knowledge and Future Research Tasks, OCED. Higher Education Management, 11(1), 37-53.
  • The Council of the European Union, 2008. Council Conclusions of 22 May 2008 on Adult Learning, (2008/C 140/09). Official Journal ofthe European Union 6.6.2008, 140/10. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_ training_youth/lifelong_learning/ef0012_en.htm
  • The Council of the European Union, 2009. On the European Year of Voluntary Activities Promoting Active Citizenship (2011).
  • Council Decision of 27 November 2009, (2010/37/EC). Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LeeriServ/LeeriServ. do?urİ=OJ:L:2010:017:0043:OO49:EN:pdf
  • The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (1995). Establishing 1996 as the 'European Year of Lifelong Learning'. Decision No. 2493/95/EC. Ofi'icial Journal of the European Communities, No. 256/45. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_training_ youth/lifelong_learning/c11024_en.htm
  • The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, (2006). Establishing An Action Programme In the Field of Lifelong Learning. Decision No 1720/2006/Ec, 15 November.
  • Ofi'icial Journal of the European Union 327/45. Erişim: Ocak 2012,http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/education_ training_youth/lifelong_learning/c11082_en.htm
  • The European UniversityAssociation, (2008). European Universities' Charter on Lifelong Learning. Brussels. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.ehea.info/Pdfhandler.ashx?Pderl=http://www. ehea.info/article-details.aspx?Article|d=14
  • Cilt/Volume 2, Sayı/Number 2, Ağustos/August 2012; Sayfa/Pages 69--91 Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi/Journal of Higher Education and Science The Scottish Government Education Analytical Services, (2010).
  • Education and Lifelong Learning Research Findings, Recognising Achievement: Literature Review and Model for Managing Recognition Processes, No.54/2010. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http:// www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/02/24102421/1
  • UNESCO, 1996. Learning: the Treasure Within, Report to UNESCO of the International Commission on Education for the Twentyfirst Century, Chaired by H. Delors. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http:// www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/15_62.pdf
  • UNESCO, 1997. ISCED 97. Erişim: Aralık 2010, http://www.uis. unesco.org/ev.php?|D=3813_201&|D2=DO_TOPIC
  • UNESCO, 2011a. ISCED 2011. Erişim: Ocak 2011, http://www.uis. unesco.org/ev.php?|D=7433_201&|D2=DO_TOPIC
  • UNESCO, 2011b. United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Classifications Newsletter, No.27. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Documents/UNSD_ newsletter_27e_|SCED.pdf
  • Watson, L. (2003). Lifelong Learning in Australia. 03/13, Australian Government, Department of Education, Science and Training. Werquin, P. (2010). Recognising Non-Formal and Informal Learning: Outcomes, Policies and Practices, OECD.
  • Wetzel, D. R. (2010). 10 Secrets to Lifelong Learning for Everyone: The Benefits of Continuing Education for Work and Self Improvement. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://david-r-wetzel. suite101.com/10-secrets-to-lifelong-learning-for-everyonea188260#ixzzllozgRBt4, http://david-r-wetzel.suite101.com/ 10-secrets-to-lifelong-learning-for-everyone-a188260
  • World Bank, 2003. Lifelong Learning in the Global Knowledge Economy: Challenges for Developing Countries. Erişim: Ocak 2012, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/|NTLL/Resources/ Lifelong-Learning-in-the-Global--Knowledge-Economy/ lifelonglearning_GKE.pdf
  • Zukas, M., Malcolm, J. (2001). Pedagogiesfor Lifelong Learning: Building Bridges or Building Walls? University Of Leeds, School of Continuing Education. Erişim: Ocak 2011, http:// www.open.ac.uk/lifelong-learning/papers/393BCA95-0009- 66D4-0000015700000157_Zukas-MalcolmPaper.doc
APA TOPRAK M, ERDOĞAN A (2012). Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. , 69 - 91.
Chicago TOPRAK METİN,ERDOĞAN ARMAĞAN Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. (2012): 69 - 91.
MLA TOPRAK METİN,ERDOĞAN ARMAĞAN Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. , 2012, ss.69 - 91.
AMA TOPRAK M,ERDOĞAN A Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. . 2012; 69 - 91.
Vancouver TOPRAK M,ERDOĞAN A Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. . 2012; 69 - 91.
IEEE TOPRAK M,ERDOĞAN A "Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama." , ss.69 - 91, 2012.
ISNAD TOPRAK, METİN - ERDOĞAN, ARMAĞAN. "Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama". (2012), 69-91.
APA TOPRAK M, ERDOĞAN A (2012). Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2(2), 69 - 91.
Chicago TOPRAK METİN,ERDOĞAN ARMAĞAN Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi 2, no.2 (2012): 69 - 91.
MLA TOPRAK METİN,ERDOĞAN ARMAĞAN Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, vol.2, no.2, 2012, ss.69 - 91.
AMA TOPRAK M,ERDOĞAN A Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi. 2012; 2(2): 69 - 91.
Vancouver TOPRAK M,ERDOĞAN A Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi. 2012; 2(2): 69 - 91.
IEEE TOPRAK M,ERDOĞAN A "Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama." Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 2, ss.69 - 91, 2012.
ISNAD TOPRAK, METİN - ERDOĞAN, ARMAĞAN. "Yaşamboyu Öğrenme: Kavram, Politika, Araçlar ve Uygulama". Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi 2/2 (2012), 69-91.