KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 116 Sayfa Aralığı: 33 - 64 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 04-05-2021

KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ

Öz:
Günümüzde, küresel ekonomi belirgin ve eş zamanlı bir yavaşlama içerisindedir. Başta ticaret savaşları, jeopolitik gerginlikler ve Brexit belirsizliği olmak üzere pek çok faktörün etkisiyle 2019 yılında küresel kriz sonrası en düşük büyüme gerçekleşmiştir. Ayrıca, küresel ekonomik yavaşlama tüm önemli ekonomilere yayılmış durumdadır. Gelişmiş ekonomilerin yanı sıra gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde de yavaşlama eğilimi dikkat çekicidir. 2020 yılına iyimser beklentilerle başlansa da koronavirüs salgını başta olmak üzere pek çok risk ve belirsizlik nedeniyle küresel ekonomik büyüme oldukça kırılgan bir görünüme sahiptir.Küresel ekonomik sorunların çözümünde ticaret engellerinin gevşetilmesi, jeopolitik gerginliklerin ve politika belirsizliklerinin azaltılması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, küresel koordinasyon ve işbirliğinin güçlendirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Küresel kriz sonrasında yoğun şekilde uygulanan para politikalarının yanı sıra kısa vadede talebin desteklenmesi ve orta vadede kapsayıcı büyüme potansiyelinin artırılması için maliye politikaları ve yapısal politikaların daha aktif şekilde kullanılması gerekmektedir.Küresel ekonomik yavaşlama, riskler, belirsizlikler ve Türkiye ekonomisine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmada, öncelikle küreselleşmeden küresel yavaşlamaya geçiş süreci analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, küreselleşmenin tarihsel gelişimi ve günümüzde ulaştığı düzey ile değişimi belirleyen faktörler incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Daha sonra, küresel ekonomik yavaşlama, riskler ve belirsizliklere ilişkin ana eğilimler ortaya konularak Türkiye ekonomisindeki gelişmeler ile küresel riskler ve belirsizliklerin etkileri incelenmiştir. Son olarak, küresel riskler ve belirsizliklere ilişkin politika önerilerine yer verilmeye çalışılmıştır.Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, Türkiye’nin kendi yapısal sorunlarının yanı sıra küresel ekonomideki gelişmelerden de önemli ölçüde etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, güven ve istikrarın kalıcı hale getirilmesi ve toplam faktör verimliliğine dayalı sürdürülebilir büyümeyi desteklemek için yapısal reformlara odaklanılması büyük önem taşımaktadır
Anahtar Kelime:

THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC SLOWDOWN: RISKS, UNCERTAINTIES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE TURKISH ECONOMY

Öz:
Today the global economy is undergoing a significant and simultaneous slowdown.Following the global crisis, the lowest growth rate was recorded in 2019 due to the effects ofmany factors including trade wars, geopolitical tensions and Brexit uncertainty. Moreover,the global economic slowdown has spread to all major economies. The slowdown trendin the emerging economies as well as the developed ones is remarkable. Although theyear 2020 started with optimistic expectations, global economic growth has a very fragileappearance due to many risks and uncertainties, especially the coronavirus epidemic. As a solution to global economic problems, trade barriers should be relaxedand geopolitical tensions and policy uncertainties should be reduced. In this context,strengthening global coordination and cooperation is important. In addition to monetarypolicies implemented intensively after the global crisis, fiscal policies and structural policiesshould be used more actively to support the demand in the short term and to increase theinclusive growth potential in the medium term. In this study conducted to examine the global economic slowdown, risks, uncertaintiesand their effects on the Turkish Economy, first the transition process from globalization toglobal slowdown was analysed. Also, the historical development of the globalization, thecurrent level it reached and the factors determining change were addressed. Then, thedevelopments in the Turkish Economy and the effects of the global risks and uncertaintieswere examined by clarifying the main trends about the global economic slowdown, risksand uncertainties. Finally, some policy suggestions on global risks and uncertainties wereprovided. The results of the study show that Turkey is significantly affected by the developmentsin the global economy besides its own structural problems. In this context, it is crucialto make trust and stability permanent and to focus on structural reforms to support thesustainable growth based on the total factor productivity.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Bakas, Adjiedj (2013), “The State of Tomorow”, https://www.bakas.nl/webshop/index. php?route=product/product&path=17&product_id=58 (Erişim: 02.12.2019).
  • Caldara, Dario, Matteo Iacoviello, Patrick Molligo, Andrea Prestipino, Andrea Raffo, (2019), “The Economic Effects of Trade Policy Uncertainty”, International Finance Discussion Papers, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Number 1256, September, https://www.federalreserve. gov/econres/ifdp/files/ifdp1256.pdf (Erişim: 20.02.2020).
  • Constantinescu, Cristina, Aaditya Mattoo, Michele Ruta (2015), “The Global Trade Slowdown: Cyclical or Structural?”, IMF Working Paper, WP/15/6, January, s. 1-44, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/The-Global-Trade-Slowdown-Cyclical-or-Structural-42609 (Erişim: 04.12.2019).
  • FED (The Federal Reserve System-The Central Bank of the United States) (2020a), The Federal Reserve Press Release, FOMC (The Federal Open Market Committee) Statement Meeting, March 3, https://www.federalreserve.gov/ monetarypolicy/files/monetary20200303a1.pdf (Erişim: 12.03.2020).
  • FED (The Federal Reserve System-The Central Bank of the United States) (2020b), The Federal Reserve Press Release, FOMC (The Federal Open Market Committee) Statement Meeting, March 15, https://www. federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/files/monetary20200315a1.pdf (Erişim: 16.03.2020).
  • Foroohar, Rana (2020), “Coronavirus will hit global growth”, Financial Times, February 2, https://www.ft.com/content/8be84270-4430-11ea-a43ac4b328d9061c (Erişim: 12.03.2020).
  • Georgieva, Kristalina (2019), “Transcript of International Monetary Fund Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva’s Opening Press Conference, 2019 Annual Meetings”, October 17, https://www.imf.org/en/News/ Articles/2019/10/17/tr101719-transcript-managing-director-kristalina-georgieva-press-conference-2019-annual-meetings (Erişim: 07.01.2020).
  • Georgieva, Kristalina (2020a), “Finding Solid Footing for the Global Economy”, February 19, https://blogs.imf.org/2020/02/19/finding-solid-footing-for-the-global-economy/ (Erişim: 12.03.2020).
  • Georgieva, Kristalina (2020b), “IMF Makes Available $50 Billion to Help Address Coronavirus”, March 4, https://www.imf.org/en/News/ Articles/2020/03/04/sp030420-imf-makes-available-50-billion-to-help-address-coronavirus (Erişim: 12.03.2020).
  • Gopinath, Gita (2019), “The World Economy: Synchronized Slowdown, Precarious Outlook”, October 15, https://blogs.imf.org/2019/10/15/ the-world-economy-synchronized-slowdown-precarious-outlook/ (Erişim: 07.01.2020).
  • Gopinath, Gita (2020), “Tentative Stabilization, Sluggish Recovery?”, January 20, https://blogs.imf.org/2020/01/20/tentative-stabilization-sluggish-recovery/ (Erişim: 22.01.2020).
  • Gun, Durukal, Christian Keller, Sree Kochugovindan, Tomasz Wieladek (2017), “The end of globalisation as we know it?”, https://www.investmentbank. barclays.com/our-insights/the-end-of-globalisation-as-we-know-it.html (Erişim: 04.12.2019).
  • Guttal, Shalmali (2007), “Globalisation”, Journal Development in Practice, Volume 17, Issue 4-5, pp. 523-531, https://www.tandfonline.com/ doi/full/10.1080/09614520701469492?scroll=top&needAccess=true (Erişim: 02.12.2019).
  • Gürlesel, Can Fuat (2019), “Dünya ekonomisinde 2020 beklentileri”, İstanbul Ticaret Gazetesi, 6 Aralık, https://www.itohaber.com/koseyazisi/211017/ dunya_ekonomisinde_2020_beklentileri.html (Erişim: 18.12.2019).
  • Gürlesel, Can Fuat (2020), “AB karbon vergisi ticareti kökten değiştirecek”, İstanbul Ticaret Gazetesi, 17 Ocak, https://www.itohaber.com/ koseyazisi/211223/ab_karbon_vergisi_ticareti_kokten_degistirecek.html (Erişim: 10.02.2020).
  • Handley, Kyle, Nuno Limão (2017), “Policy Uncertainty, Trade, and Welfare: Theory and Evidence for China and the United States”, American Economic Review, September, Vol. 107, No. 9, pp. 2731-2783. https://www.aeaweb. org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/aer.20141419 (Erişim: 06.12.2019).
  • IIF (The Institute of International Finance) (2020), “January 2020 Global Debt Monitor: Sustainability Matters”, January 13, https://www.iif.com/Research/ Capital-Flows-and-Debt/Global-Debt-Monitor (Erişim: 20.02.2020).
  • IMF (The International Monetary Fund) (2002), “Globalization: The Story Behind the Numbers”, Finance & Development, March, Vol. 39, No. 1, https://www. imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2002/03/picture.htm (Erişim: 04.12.2019).
  • IMF (The International Monetary Fund) (2008), “Globalization: A Brief Overview”, IMF Issues Brief, Issue 02/08, May, pp. 1-8, https://www.imf.org/external/ np/exr/ib/2008/pdf/053008.pdf (Erişim: 06.01.2020).
  • IMF (The International Monetary Fund) (2019a), “Global Manufacturing Downturn, Rising Trade Barriers”, World Economic Outlook, October, https://www. imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2019/October/English/text. ashx?la=en (Erişim: 17.12.2019).
  • IMF (The International Monetary Fund) (2019b), World Economic Outlook Database, October, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/ weodata/index.aspx (Erişim: 17.12.2019).
  • IMF (The International Monetary Fund) (2020), “Tentative Stabilization, Sluggish Recovery?”, World Economic Outlook Update, January, https://www.imf. org/~/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2020/January/English/text. ashx?la=en (Erişim: 22.01.2020).
  • Kose, M. Ayhan, Peter Nagle, Franziska Ohnsorge, Naotaka Sugawara (2020), Global Waves of Debt: Causes and Consequences, Advance Edition, The World Bank, Washington DC, https://openknowledge.worldbank. org/bitstream/handle/10986/32809/9781464815454.pdf (Erişim: 09.01.2020).
  • Kupelian, Barret (2020), “Predictions for 2020: “Slowbalisation” is the new globalisation”, PWC, Global Economy Watch, January, https://www. pwc.com/gx/en/issues/economy/global-economy-watch/assets/pdfs/ predictions-2020.pdf (Erişim: 09.01.2020).
  • Lund, Susan, James Manyika, Jonathan Woetzel, Jacques Bughin, Mekala Krishnan, Jeongmin Seong, Mac Muir (2019), Globalization in Transition: The Future of Trade and Value Chains, January, McKinsey Global Institute, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/ Innovation/Globalization%20in%20transition%20The%20future%20of%20 trade%20and%20value%20chains/MGI-Globalization%20in%20transitionThe-future-of-trade-and-value-chains-Full-report.ashx (Erişim: 04.12.2019).
  • McKinsey&Company (2020), “Coronavirus COVID-19: Facts and Insights”, February 28, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20 Functions/Risk/Our%20Insights/COVID%2019%20Implications%20for%20 business/COVID-19-Facts-and-Insights-February-28-2020-McKinsey-vF.ashx (Erişim: 05.03.2020).
  • O’Brien, Fergal (2020), “$170 Billion and Counting: The Cost of Brexit for the U.K.”, 10 Ocak, Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2020-01-10/-170-billion-and-counting-the-cost-of-brexit-for-the-u-k (Erişim: 25.02.2020).
  • OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2019), OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2019 Issue 2, No. 106, OECD Publishing, November, Paris, https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/ oecd-economic-outlook-volume-2019-issue-2_9b89401b-en#page1 (Erişim: 07.01.2020).
  • OECD (The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2020), “Coronavirus: The World Economy at Risk”, OECD Interim Economic Assessment, 2 March, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/7969896b-en.f?expires=1583397562&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=00BA09329 AA938A68268BE7C0FB6EF00 (Erişim: 05.03.2020).
  • TCHMB (T.C. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı) (2019), “Yeni Ekonomi Programı 2020-2022” Eylül, https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2019/10/Yep-Eyl%C3%BCl-1.pdf (Erişim: 05.03.2020).
  • TEPAV (Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı) (2020), “Brexit sonrasında Türkiye’nin İngiltere ile ticareti gümrük vergilerindeki değişikliklerden nasıl etkilenebilir?: Özel Sektör için Ürün Bazlı Brexit Rehberi”, Şubat, Raporu Hazırlayanlar: Ayşegül Taşöz Düşündere, M. Sait Akman, Hakan Özkavukçu, https://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/1581330901-0.TEPAV_ Brexit_Raporu.pdf (Erişim: 05.03.2020).
  • The Economist (2019), “Slowbalisation: the future of global commerce”, January 26th-February 1st.
  • The University of Oxford, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/ grapher/globalization-over-5-centuries (Erişim: 20.02.2020).
  • The World Bank (2019), A Decade After the Global Recession: Lessons and Challenges for Emerging and Developing Economies, Editors: M. Ayhan Kose and Franziska Ohnsorge, Worldbank Publications, Washington DC, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/ handle/10986/32641/167273.pdf (Erişim: 12.12.2019).
  • The World Bank (2020), Global Economic Prospects: Slow Growth, Policy Challenges, January, Washington DC, https://openknowledge. worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33044/9781464814693. pdf (Erişim: 09.01.2020).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu), Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri, https://www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim: 05.03.2020).
  • TÜİK (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu), Millî Gelir İstatistikleri, https://www.tuik.gov.tr (Erişim: 05.03.2020).
  • TÜSİAD (Türk Sanayicileri ve İş İnsanları Derneği) (2020), “2020 Yılına Girerken Türkiye ve Dünya Ekonomisi”, Ekonomik Araştırmalar Bölümü, Şubat, Yayın No: TÜSİAD-T/2020-02/612, https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/ raporlar/item/10526-2020-yilina-girerken-turkiye-ve-dunya-ekonomisi (Erişim: 10.02.2020).
  • Tyson, Laura, Susan Lund (2017), “Adapting to the new globalization”, February 8, https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/adapting-to-the-new-globalization (Erişim: 06.12.2019).
  • UN (The United Nations) (2020), World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020, The United Nations, New York, https://www.un.org/development/desa/ dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_FullReport.pdf (Erişim: 12.02.2020).
  • WEF (The World Economic Forum) (2020), The Global Risks Report 2020, The World Economic Forum, Insight Report, 15th Edition, http:// www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risk_Report_2020.pdf (Erişim: 20.02.2020).
  • Wolf, Martin (2014), “Shaping Globalization”, Finance & Development, September, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 22-25, https://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/fandd/2014/09/pdf/wolf.pdf (Erişim: 10.01.2020).
APA Eriçok R (2020). KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. , 33 - 64.
Chicago Eriçok Recep Emre KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. (2020): 33 - 64.
MLA Eriçok Recep Emre KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. , 2020, ss.33 - 64.
AMA Eriçok R KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. . 2020; 33 - 64.
Vancouver Eriçok R KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. . 2020; 33 - 64.
IEEE Eriçok R "KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ." , ss.33 - 64, 2020.
ISNAD Eriçok, Recep Emre. "KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ". (2020), 33-64.
APA Eriçok R (2020). KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116), 33 - 64.
Chicago Eriçok Recep Emre KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. Sayıştay Dergisi 31, no.116 (2020): 33 - 64.
MLA Eriçok Recep Emre KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. Sayıştay Dergisi, vol.31, no.116, 2020, ss.33 - 64.
AMA Eriçok R KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. Sayıştay Dergisi. 2020; 31(116): 33 - 64.
Vancouver Eriçok R KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ. Sayıştay Dergisi. 2020; 31(116): 33 - 64.
IEEE Eriçok R "KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ." Sayıştay Dergisi, 31, ss.33 - 64, 2020.
ISNAD Eriçok, Recep Emre. "KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YAVAŞLAMA: RİSKLER,BELİRSİZLİKLER VE TÜRKİYE EKONOMİSİNE ETKİLERİ". Sayıştay Dergisi 31/116 (2020), 33-64.