BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)

CENDER, İLKER

BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)

İlker CENDER (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu, SAMSUN, TÜRKİYE)

Karadeniz Araştırmaları

1 0

Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 69 Sayfa Aralığı: 34 - 46 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 06-05-2021

BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)

Öz:

The rearrangement of global politics was an inevitable consequence of the Second World War. As part of this process, even before the war ended, the Soviet Union took steps which would provide a basis for her future policies. Accordingly, it embarked on a war of nerves on Turkey. This new struggle not only affected the relations between Turkey and the Soviet Union but also had profound effects on the relations between Turkey and Britain, which had been officially linked with an alliance prior to the Second World War. While Britain endeavoured to keep what was left of its global dominance, Turkey struggled to stand firm against the threat imposed by an emerging super power neighbouring country. Since the search for support from the United States, which had emerged as another global super power at the end of the war, proved futile for Turkish policy makers, they naturally turned to their British ally. In the light of the above-mentioned, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the Soviet threat facedby Turkey in the early Cold War era on Anglo-Turkish relations as perceived by the British Foreign Office.

Anahtar Kelime:

“JOE AMCA” RUBİCON’U GEÇMEDEN ÖNCE: İNGİLİZ DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞININ GÖZÜNDEN SOĞUK SAVAŞIN BAŞLANGICINDA TÜRK-İNGİLİZ İLİŞKİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ SOVYET ETKİSİ (1945-46)

Öz:

İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sona ermesi ile birlikte küresel politikaların yeniden şekillenmesi kaçınılmaz bir süreç olarak ortaya çıktı. Bu süreçte, henüz savaş sona ermeden gelecek politikalarının temelini teşkil edecek adımları atan Sovyetler Birliği, bu politikaların bir uzantısı olarak Türkiye üzerinde bir sinir savaşı başlattı. Bu savaş, sadece Türk-Sovyet ilişkilerini etkilemekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda Türkiye’nin savaş öncesinde bir ittifak ile bağlanmış olduğu İngiltere ile olan ilişkilerini de etkiledi. Bir yandan İngiltere, kaybetmekte olduğu küresel hegemonyadan kalanları elinde tutmaya çalışırken, diğer yandan Türkiye de sınır komşusu birsüper gücün tehdidine karşı durmaya çalışıyordu. Türk dış politikasını belirleyenlerin bu noktada, savaş sonunda küresel bir süper güç olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri nezdinde bulamadığı desteği, hâlihazırda bir ittifak içerisinde olduğu İngiltere’de araması kaçınılmazdı. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Soğuk Savaş’ın hemen başında Türkiye’nin karşı karşıya kaldığı Sovyet tehdidinin Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerine olan etkilerini, İngiliz Dışişleri Bakanlığı’nın gözünden değerlendirmektir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

ATHANASSOPOULOU, E. (2020). “A Tepid Alliance: Britain and Turkey in the Post-War and Early Cold War Years”. Middle Eastern Studies. LVI/5: 699-713.
AVEY, P. C. (2012). “Confronting Soviet Power: US Policy during the Early Cold War”. International Security. XXXVI/4: 151-188.
AYDIN, M. (2000). “Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War”. Middle Eastern Studies. XXXVI/1: 103-139.
BİLGİN, M. S. –S. MOREWOOD (2004). “Turkey’s Reliance on Britain: British Political and Diplomatic Support for Turkey against Soviet Demands: 1943-47”. Middle Eastern Studies. XL/2: 24-57.
BİLGİN, M. S. (2007). Britain and Turkey in the Middle East. London: Tauris Academic Studies.
DERİNGİL, S. (1989). Turkish Foreign Policy During The Second World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ERHAN, Ç. (2009). “ABD ve NATO’yla İlişkiler”. Türk Dış Politikası. (ed. Baskın Oran). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
ERTEM, B. (2010). “Türkiye Üzerindeki Sovyet Talepleri ve Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri (1939-1947)”. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. III/11: 252-273.
KAYAOĞLU, B. (2009). “Strategic Imperatives, Democratic Rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52”.Cold War History. IX/3: 321-345.
KOÇAK, C. (2012). İktidar ve Demokratlar: Türkiye’de İki Partili Siyasi Sistemin Kuruluş Yılları (1945-1950). İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık.
KÖSE, İ. (2019). “Sovyetler Birliği’nin Türk Boğazları İle İlgili Talepleri: 1945-1946 Notaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi. LXXIV/4: 1125-1148.
LEFFLER, M. P. (1985). “Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945-1952”. The Journal of American History. LXXI/4: 807-825.
MCCAULEY, M. (2008). Origins of the Cold War. London: Pearson.
ÖZTÜRKÇİ, A. (2019). “Tutarsızlık-Belirsizlik Skalasında Türkiye’nin Boğazlar Politikası (Mart 1945-Ekim 1946)”. Cumhuriyet Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi. XXIX: 473-496.
RICHARDS, M. D. –P. R. WAIBEL (2014). Twentieth Century Europe: A Brief History, 1900 to the Present.Sussex: West Wiley Blackwell.
ROBERTS, G. (2011). “Moscow’s Cold War on the Periphery: Soviet Policy in Greece, Iran and Turkey, 1943-8”. Journal of Contemporary History. XLVI/1: 58-81.
ROBERTS, G. (2012). Molotov: Stalin’s Cold War Warrior. Washington: Potomac Books.
TELLAL, E. (2009). “SSCB ile İlişkiler”. Türk Dış Politikası. (ed. Baskın Oran). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
The Times (1945.11.08). “Soviet-Turkish Pact Ended”. 3.The Times (1945.11.08). “American Proposals for Dardanelles”. 4.
TUNÇEL, Ö. K. (2017). “Adipocytokines and Ghrelin Levelof Bipolar Patients from Manic Episode to Euthymic Episode”. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. LXXII/2: 150-156.
UZMAN, N. (2018). “İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrasında Sovyet Talepleri ve Türkiye’nin Tepkisi”. Gazi Akademik Bakış Dergisi. XI/22: 117-142.
WALTZ, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. California: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
WOLFF, D. (2011). “Stalin’s Postwar Border-Making Tactics: East and West”. Cahiers du Monde Russe. LII/2-3: 273-291.
YEŞİLBURSA, B. K. (2017). Ortadoğu’daEmperyalizm: İngiltere ve Amerika’nın Ortadoğu Savunma Projeleri ve Türkiye (1945-1960). Ankara: Sentez Yayıncılık.
YILMAZ, Ş. (2020). “The Transformation of Britain-Turkey-United States Relations at the Advent of the Cold War (1945–1952)”. Middle Eastern Studies. LVI/5: 714-729.
ZUBOK, V. M. (2007). A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War, From Stalin to Gorbachev. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press.
FO371/48773: R11226. From Sir Maurice Peterson to Sir Orme Sargent. 25 June 1945.
FO371/48773: R11309. From Rio de Janeiro to Foreign Office. 3 July 1945.
FO371/48773: R11318. Turco-Soviet Relations. 3 July 1945.
FO371/48774: R11696. Turco-Soviet Relations. 10 July 1945.FO371/48774: R11430. From Foreign Office to Moscow. 3 July 1945.
FO371/48774: R11820. From Foreign Office to İstanbul. 13 July 1945.
FO371/48774: R13083. Brief for the Secretary Of State. 2 August 1945.FO371/48774: R13646. Turco-Soviet Relations. 16 August 1945.
FO371/48774: R13646. From İstanbul to Foreign Office. 13 August 1945.
FO371/48774: R13646. Turco-Soviet Relations. 19 August 1945.
FO371/48775: R21419. From British Delegation Moscow to Foreign Office. 21 December 1945.
FO371/48775: R21442. Turkish Ambassador Conversation. 22 December 1945.
FO371/59239: R745. Russo-Turkish Relations. 11 January 1946.
FO371/59240: R2550. From Foreign Office to Angora. 16 February 1946.
FO371/59240: R4436. Russo-Turkish Relations. 11 March 1945.
FO371/59242: R9823. From Commander in Chief Mediterranean to Foreign Office. 26 June 1946.
FO371/59243: R11072. Proposed Visit of Commander in Chief Mediterranean to Constantinople and Selanico. 29 August 1946.
FO371/59242: R9174. Paris Meeting, Turkey and the Straits. 21 June 1946.
FO371/59242: R10645. Turco-Soviet Relations. 17 June 1946.
FO371/59243: R12533. Turkish and HMG’s Notes on the Montreux Convention. 22 August 1946.

APA	CENDER İ (2021). BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). , 34 - 46.
Chicago	CENDER İLKER BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). (2021): 34 - 46.
MLA	CENDER İLKER BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). , 2021, ss.34 - 46.
AMA	CENDER İ BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). . 2021; 34 - 46.
Vancouver	CENDER İ BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). . 2021; 34 - 46.
IEEE	CENDER İ "BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)." , ss.34 - 46, 2021.
ISNAD	CENDER, İLKER. "BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)". (2021), 34-46.

APA	CENDER İ (2021). BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 18(69), 34 - 46.
Chicago	CENDER İLKER BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). Karadeniz Araştırmaları 18, no.69 (2021): 34 - 46.
MLA	CENDER İLKER BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). Karadeniz Araştırmaları, vol.18, no.69, 2021, ss.34 - 46.
AMA	CENDER İ BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2021; 18(69): 34 - 46.
Vancouver	CENDER İ BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46). Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2021; 18(69): 34 - 46.
IEEE	CENDER İ "BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)." Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 18, ss.34 - 46, 2021.
ISNAD	CENDER, İLKER. "BEFORE “UNCLE JOE” CROSSED THE RUBICON: THE BRITISH FOREIGN OFFICE’S PERCEPTION OF THE SOVIET IMPACT ON ANGLO-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE EARLY COLD WAR ERA (1945-46)". Karadeniz Araştırmaları 18/69 (2021), 34-46.