Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 225 - 255 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.26650/JEPR.958415 İndeks Tarihi: 21-09-2021
Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı
Öz: Doğrusal ekonominin işleyişi ile birlikte ortaya çıkan iklim krizi, iklimkrizi ile birbirini besleyerek ilerleyen doğanın geri döndürülemeztahribatı ve tüm bunların sonucunda zoonotik hastalıklardaki artışlar vepandemilerin sürekliliği ihtimali, günümüzde insan yaşamı için en büyüktehdit kaynağı haline gelmiştir. Fosil yakıtlar temelinde dünyayı saraninsan faaliyetlerinin en görünür etkileri kuraklık, fırtına, sel ve mevsimnormalleri dışındaki hava olayları ile son 50 yılda bir milyondan fazlainsanın can kaybı ve yaklaşık 440 milyar Euro maddi zarar olurken; diğergörünür etkileri ise suyun, toprağın, havanın kirlenmesi, biyoçeşitlilikkaybı ve küresel ısınmayı tetikleyen ormanların, buzulların ve diğer doğalkarbon yutaklarının tahribatı olmuştur. İklim değişikliğinin yol açtığıve kayıp ve tahribatların ortadan kaldırılması ancak gezegeni içindeyaşayan tüm canlılarla ‘tek sağlık’ yaklaşımı ile bütüncül olarak ele almak;devamında sürdürülebilir bir ekonomik yapı için ise ‘döngüsel ekonomi’yegeçişi hızlandırmakla mümkün gözükmektedir.Bu çalışmada daha fazla üretim/büyüme ve daha fazla tüketim odaklımevcut ekonomik yapının ve onun sorumlusu olan insanın; gezegeninbir parçası değil, hakimi haline gelerek yol açtığı ekolojik yıkımlar(antroposen çağ) ve sonucundaki pandemiler ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanınsonucunda, ‘insan sağlığının ancak doğanın sağlığı ile birlikte mümkünolabileceği’ ve dünyanın hızla döngüsel ekonomiye dönüştürülerekgezegenin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanacağı ve pandemilerin sürekliliğininengelleneceği vurgulanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelime: The Need For A Circular Economy Towards The Danger of The Continuity of Pandemics
Öz: The climate crisis that emerged with the growing mechanism of the linear economy, the irreversible destruction of nature that feeds each other with the climate crisis, and as a result of all these, the increase in zoonotic diseases and the possibility of the continuity of pandemics have become the biggest threat to human life today. While the most visible effects of human activities that surround the world based on fossil fuels are drought, storm, flood, and weather conditions outside of the seasonal norms, the loss of life more than one million people, and material damage of approximately 440 billion euros in the last 50 years; other visible effects are pollution of water, air, soil, loss of biodiversity, and destruction of forest, glaciers, and natural carbon sinks that trigger global warming. Thus, eliminating the loss and destruction caused by climate change but dealing with the planet in terms of holistic perspective with an ‘only health’ approach; subsequently, it seems possible for a sustainable economic structure, accelerating the transition to the circular economy. In our study, the ecological destructions (Anthropocene age) and the resulting pandemics, which are caused by the current economic structure focused on more production/growth and more consumption, and the human responsible for this--trying to become the ruler of the planet, not a part of it--are discussed. As a result of the study, it was emphasized that “human health can only be possible with the health of nature” and that the sustainability of the planet will be ensured, and the continuity of pandemics will be prevented by rapidly transforming the world into a circular economy
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Barcaccia, G., D’Agostino, V., Zotti, A., & Cozzi, B. (2020). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the Italian Agri-Food Sector: An analysis of the quarter of pandemic lockdown and clues for a socio-economic and territorial restart. Sustainability, 12(14), 5651.
- Baars, N., & Haigh, L. A. (2020). A circular world is biodiverse. But does biodiversity need the circular economy? Circle Economy. Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://www.circle-economy.com/ blogs/a-circular-world-is-biodiverse-but-does-biodiversity-need-the-circular-economy
- Boren, Z. (2020a). The permafrost pandemic: Could the melting Arctic release a deadly disease? - Unearthed. Unearthed. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2020/07/03/arctic-permafrostpandemic-life-uh-finds-a-way/
- Bronzwaer, S., Geervliet, M., Hugas, M., & Url, B. (2021). EFSA’s expertise supports One Health policy needs. EFSA Journal, 19(5).
- Buchmann-Duck, J., & Beazley, K. F. (2020). An urgent call for circular economy advocates to acknowledge its limitations in conserving biodiversity. Science of The Total Environment, 727, 138602. Retrieved from https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720321185
- Butchart, S. H. M., Walpole, M., Collen, B., van Strien, A., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Almond, R. E. A., Baillie, J. E. M., et al. (2010). Global biodiversity: Indicators of recent declines. Science, 328(5982), 1164–1168. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1187512
- Ciner, A., & Sarıkaya, M. A. (2013). Buzullar ve iklim değişikliği: geçmiş, günümüz ve gelecek. Türkiye’de iklim değişikliği ve sürdürülebilir enerji, ENİVA-Enerji ve İklim Değişikliği Vakfı, İstanbul, 20–58.
- Clem, K. R., Fogt, R. L., Turner, J., Lintner, B. R., Marshall, G. J., Miller, J. R., & Renwick, J. A. (2020). Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades. Nature Climate Change, 10(8), 762–770.
- Cockburn, H. (2020). Bilim insanlarından uyarı: Kuzey Kutbu’nda eriyen permafrost, çok eski çağların ölümcül hastalıklarını geri getirebilir | Independent Türkçe. Independent . Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://www. indyturk.com/node/206986/bilim/bilim-insanlarından-uyarı-kuzey-kutbunda-eriyen permafrost-çok-eskiçağların
- COM. (2020). A new circular economy action plan. For a cleaner and more competitive Europe. https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN
- Crutzen, P. J., & Stoermer, E. F. (2000). The anthropocene IGBP newsletter, 41. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Cuthbert, L. (2020). What are zoonotic diseases? National Geographic. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from https://www. nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-do-animals-pass-dangerous-zoonotic-diseases-to-humanszoonoses-coronavirus
- Çetin, M. (2020). Ekonomide zorunlu dönüşüm: Doğrusal ekonomiden sirküler ekonomiye geçiş. Journal of European Theoretical and Applied Studies.
- Dasgupta, P. (2021). The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review.
- Díaz, S., Settele, J., E.S., E. S. B., Ngo, H. T., Guèze, M., Agard, J., Arneth, A., et al. (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Bonn.
- EcoHealth Alliance (2020). Six-Year Study Indicates Nipah Virus More Widespread than Previously Thought. https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/2020/11/six-year-study-indicates-nipah-virus-more-widespread-thanpreviously-thought
- Ellen MacArthur Foundation, & Material Economics. (2019). Completing the picture: How the circular economy tackles climate change. Retrieved September 15, 2020, from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/ publications/completing-the-picture-climate-change
- FAO, & UNEP. (2020). The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. FAO and UNEP.
- France 24. (2021). UN draft climate report: Impacts on people. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210623- un-draft-climate-report-impacts-on-people
- Gibbens, S. (2020). Protecting land and animals will mitigate future pandemics, report says. National Geograpfic . Retrieved April 7, 2021, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/protecting-landanimals-will-mitigate-future-pandemics-report-says
- Guinto, R. (2020). Pandemic policy should also be climate policy - this is why. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/pandemic-policy-must-be-climate-policy
- Guterres, A. (2021). Still time to reverse damage to ‘ravaged’ ecosystems, declares UN chief, marking World Environment Day. UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1093382
- Harris, N., & Gibbs, D. (2021). Quantifying carbon fluxes in the World’s forests. World Resources Institute. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/blog/2021/01/forests-carbon-emissions-sink-flux
- Harris, N. L., Gibbs, D. A., Baccini, A., Birdsey, R. A., de Bruin, S., Farina, M., Fatoyinbo, L., et al. (2021). Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nature Climate Change, 11(3), 234–240. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6
- Hubálek, Z., & Rudolf, I. (2010). A history of zoonoses and sapronoses and research into them. Microbial Zoonoses and Sapronoses (pp. 9–24). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Retrieved from http://link.springer. com/10.1007/978-90-481-9657-9_3
- IPBES. (2020). IPBes workshop on biodiversity and pandemics. IPBES. Retrieved from https://ipbes.net/events/ ipbes-workshop-biodiversity-and-pandemics
- IPBES (2021). Tackling biodiversity & climate crises together and their combined social impacts. IPBES. https:// www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/202106/20210606%20Media%20Release%20EMBARGO%203pm%20 CEST%2010%20June.pdf
- IPCC. (2018). IPCC SR15: Summary for policymakers. In IPCC Special Report Global Warming of 1.5 ºC. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
- IPCC. (2019). Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/
- Josef, S., Sandra, D., Eduardo, B., & Peter, D. (2020). IPBES Guest Article: COVID-19 stimulus measures must save lives, protect livelihoods, and safeguard nature to reduce the risk of future pandemics. Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, April, 27.
- Lorentzen H.F., Benfield T, Stisen S, & Rahbek C. (2020). COVID-19 is possibly a consequence of the anthropogenic biodiversity crisis and climate changes. Dan Med J. 2020 Apr 28;67(5):A205025. PMID: 32351197., https://ugeskriftet.dk/dmj/covid-19-possibly-consequence-anthropogenic-biodiversity-crisis-andclimate-changes
- Mair, L., Bennun, L. A., Brooks, T. M., M Butchart, S. H., Bolam, F. C., Burgess, N. D., M Ekstrom, J. M., et al. (2021). A metric for spatially explicit contributions to science-based species targets. Retrieved from https://doi. org/10.1038/s41559-021-01432-0
- Mette Løyche Wilkie, & Malgorzata Buszko-Briggs. (2021, May 19). To Conserve Biodiversity, We Must Protect Our Forests | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD. SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https:// sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest-articles/to-conserve-biodiversity-we-must-protect-our-forests/
- Wilkie, M. L. & Malgorzata, B. (2021, May 19). To conserve biodiversity, we must protect our forests | SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD. SDG Knowledge Hub | IISD. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://sdg.iisd.org/ commentary/guest-articles/to-conserve-biodiversity-we-must-protect-our-forests/
- Milner-Gulland, E. J., Addison, P., Arlidge, W. N., Baker, J., Booth, H., Brooks, T., ... & Watson, J. E. (2021). Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. One Earth, 4(1), 75-87.
- Montanarella, L., Scholes, R., & Brainich, A. (2018). The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Bonn, Germany.
- Morand, S., & Lajaunie, C. (2021). Outbreaks of Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases Are Associated With Changes in Forest Cover and Oil Palm Expansion at Global Scale. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8. Retrieved March 30, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.661063/full
- NASA (2021). NOAA Study Finds Earth’s Energy Imbalance Has Doubled. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/ feature/langley/joint-nasa-noaa-study-finds-earths-energy-imbalance-has-doubled
- NOAA (2021). What is a mangrove forest? National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Department of Commerce.
- OECD (2020). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19). Biodiversity and the economic response to COVID-19: Ensuring a green and resilient recovery. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=136_136726- x5msnju6xg&title=Biodiversity-and-the-economic-response-to-COVID-19-Ensuring-a-green-and-resilientrecovery&_ga=2.199352301.273989147.1627465296-1689971994.1627465296
- Oliver, T. H., & Morecroft, M. D. (2014). Interactions between climate change and land use change on biodiversity: attribution problems, risks, and opportunities. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(3), 317– 335.
- Parkinson, A. J., & Evengård, B. (2009). Climate change, its impact on human health in the Arctic and the public health response to threats of emerging infectious diseases. Global Health Action, 2(1), 2075. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.2075
- Petrikova, I., Cole, J., & Farlow, A. (2020). COVID-19, wet markets, and planetary health. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(6), e213-e214.
- Ramsar. (2021). 50th Anniversary: Campaign Briefing Ramsar. Ramsar. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https:// www.ramsar.org/resources/50th-anniversary-campaign-briefing
- Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2021). Forests and Deforestation. Our World in Data. (https://ourworldindata.org/forestsand-deforestation
- Rosenberg, M., (2021). Biodiversity: Everything You Need to Know EcoWatch. EcoWatch. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.ecowatch.com/understanding-biodiversity-2653049258.html
- Schröder, P., Forslund, T., & Sell, M. (2021). The role of the circular economy in addressing the global biodiversity crisis . circulareconomy.earth Chatham House. Retrieved June 23, 2021, from https://circulareconomy.earth/ publications/the-role-of-the-circular-economy-in-addressing-the-global-biodiversitycrisis?utm_
- source=twitter&utm_medium=pacecircular&utm_campaign=socialmedia&utm_term=4d191ecb-fd4b-46ada686-e66951e11d28
- Shugar, D. H., Burr, A., Haritashya, U. K., Kargel, J. S., Watson, C. S., Kennedy, M. C., ... & Strattman, K. (2020). Rapid worldwide growth of glacial lakes since 1990. Nature Climate Change, 10(10), 939–945.
- Silvy, Y., Guilyardi, E., Sallée, J. B., & Durack, P. J. (2020). Human-induced changes to the global ocean water masses and their time of emergence. Nature Climate Change, 10(11), 1030–1036.
- Skelly, J. F. (2017). There are diseases hidden in ice, and they are waking up. BBC Earth . Retrieved June 6, 2021, from http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170504-there-are-diseases-hidden-in-ice-and-they-are-waking-up
- Taylor, L., Latham, S. & Woolhouse, M. (2001). Risk factors for human disease emergence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, Vol.356/1411, pp.983-989, http:// dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0888
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2019). Türkiye Zoonotik Hastalıklar Eylem Planı. Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü Zoonotik ve Vektörel Hastalıklar Dairesi Başkanlığı. Ankara, 2019.
- The New Climate Economy (2018). The 2018 Report of the global commıssıon on the economy and climate http:// newclimateeconomy.report/2018/executive-summary/
- TUSIAD. (2021). Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı Döngüsel Ekonomi Eylem Planı Türk İş Dünyasına Neler Getirecek? file:///C:/Users/goyilmaz/Downloads/dongusel-ekonomi-raporu-sunum.pdf
- UN (2021). Turning Sustainable Global Business: 5 Things to Know About The Circular Economy, https://news. un.org/en/story/2021/06/1093802
- UNEP. (2020). Preventing the next pandemic - Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission | UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Retrieved April 17, 2021, from https://www.unep.org/resources/report/ preventing-future-zoonotic-disease-outbreaks-protecting-environment-animals-and
- UNEP. (2020). 1.5°C World Requires A Circular and Low Carbon Economy. UNEP - UN Environment Programme. https://www.ndcs.undp.org/content/ndc-support-programme/en/home/impact-and-learning/ library/a-1-5-c-world-requires-a-circular-and-low-carbon-economy.html
- UNEP. (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies.Nairobi.https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
- UNDP (2020). Climate Promise Progress Report. https://www.undp.org/climate-promise
- UNDRR (2021). Global Assesament Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. Special Report on Drought 2021.
- UNESCO. (1994). Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat . Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/ current_convention_text_e.pdf
- UNFCCC. (2021). Seven Ways Cities Can Take Climate Action | UNFCCC. United Nations. Retrieved April 9, 2021, from https://unfccc.int/blog/seven-ways-cities-can-take-climate-action
- Veldman, J. W., Overbeck, G. E., Negreiros, D., Mahy, G., Le Stradic, S., Fernandes, G. W., Durigan, G., et al. (2015). Where Tree Planting and Forest Expansion are Bad for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. BioScience, 65(10), 1011–1018. Retrieved from http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org
- Vijay, V., Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N., & Smith, S. J. (2016). The impacts of oil palm on recent deforestation and biodiversity loss.
- Wade, N. (2005). Novel bacteria in Alaskan ice may be 32,000 years old . The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/26/science/novel-bacteria-in-alaskan-ice-may-be-32000-yearsold.html
- WEF, (2020). New nature economy report II. The future of nature and business. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/ WEF_The_Future_Of_Nature_And_Business_2020.pdf
- Wilkerson, J., Dobosy, R., Sayres, D. S., Healy, C., Dumas, E., Baker, B., & Anderson, J. G. (2019). Permafrost nitrous oxide emissions observed on a landscape scale using the airborne eddy-covariance method. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19(7), 4257–4268. Retrieved from https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/4257/2019/
- Wolosin, M., & Harris, N. (2018). Tropıcal Forests And Clımate Change: The Latest Scıence Endıng Tropıcal Deforestatıon: A STOCK-TAKE OF PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES. Retrieved April 8, 2021, from https:// www.wri.org/publication/ending-tropical-deforestation-tropical-forests-and-climate-change-latest-science
- World Meteorological Organization. (2021). Climate change is highly visible in the Earth cryosphere | World Meteorological Organization. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/focus-areas/cryosphere/impacts-applications/climate-change
- WWF (2020). Living Planet Report 2020 - Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. Almond, R.E.A., Grooten M. and Petersen, T. (Eds). WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
| APA | çetin m, YILMAZ G (2021). Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. , 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| Chicago | çetin murat,YILMAZ GONCA Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. (2021): 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| MLA | çetin murat,YILMAZ GONCA Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. , 2021, ss.225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| AMA | çetin m,YILMAZ G Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. . 2021; 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| Vancouver | çetin m,YILMAZ G Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. . 2021; 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| IEEE | çetin m,YILMAZ G "Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı." , ss.225 - 255, 2021. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| ISNAD | çetin, murat - YILMAZ, GONCA. "Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı". (2021), 225-255. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| APA | çetin m, YILMAZ G (2021). Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| Chicago | çetin murat,YILMAZ GONCA Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no.2 (2021): 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| MLA | çetin murat,YILMAZ GONCA Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol.8, no.2, 2021, ss.225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| AMA | çetin m,YILMAZ G Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021; 8(2): 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| Vancouver | çetin m,YILMAZ G Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı. İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021; 8(2): 225 - 255. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| IEEE | çetin m,YILMAZ G "Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı." İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8, ss.225 - 255, 2021. 10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
| ISNAD | çetin, murat - YILMAZ, GONCA. "Pandemilerin Sürekliliği Tehlikesine Karşı Döngüsel Ekonomi İhtiyacı". İktisat Politikasi Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/2 (2021), 225-255. https://doi.org/10.26650/JEPR.958415 |
