Yer seçimi birden çok faktörün ele alındığı karmaşık yapısı olan bir işlemdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, uzaktan algılama (UA), coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) ve çok kriterli karar (ÇKK) metodu kullanılarak sera için uygun alanların belirlenmesidir. Çalışma alanı Türkiye’nin seracılık faaliyetlerinin yoğun olduğu bölge olması nedeniyle Antalya ili, Aksu ilçesi seçilmiştir. UA ve CBS veri toplama metotları ile on iki mevcut kriter (eğim, bakı, su, yola yakınlık, nüfus yoğunluğuna yakınlık, toprak özellikleri, nem, yağış, sıcaklık, güneşlenme şiddeti, güneşlenme radyasyonu ve rüzgâr şiddeti), uygun alan seçimini gerçekleştirmek için kullanılmıştır. Kriterlerin ağırlıkları, analitik hiyerarşi süreci (AHP) matrisi ile elde edilmiştir. Tutarlılık oranı (CR) ve tutarlılık endeksi(CI) sırasıyla 0,067 ve 0,099 olarak elde edilmiştir. Çalışma alanı içinde farklı yasal ve yönetmelikler gereği seçim dışında kalması gereken alanlar çalışma alanından maskeleme metodu ile dışarı çıkarılmıştır. Çalışma alanı uygun olmayan, az uygun, orta uygun, uygun, en uygun şeklinde beş sınıfa ayrılmıştır. Bu alanlar sırasıyla 136,51 ha, 751,61 ha, 155,04 ha, 216,41 ha, 411,71 ha’dır. Sera için en uygun alan, çalışma alanının %24.63’ünü kapsamaktadır. Çalışma metodu ile belirlenen sera yer seçimi ile yatırımcının altyapı, enerji ve pazar gibi zorunlu giderlerinin minimuma indirilmesi gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Ayrıca yer belirleme için gerekli olan verilerin gelecekte güncellenebilir özelikte olması önerilen modelin gelecekte kullanılabilirliğini ve gelişebilirliğini artırmaktadır.

Fossil fuels are a crucial resource for the global economy, but they also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution. Lignocellulosic biomass, which includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin obtained from plants, is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. It can help address these problems while reducing environmental impact. Enzymatic pre-treatment is used to degrade lignocellulosic biomass into subunits. The degradation of the hemicellulose structure involves accessory enzymes of industrial importance, such as α-glucuronidase. α-glucuronidases (EC 3.2.1.139) catalyze the hydrolysis of the α-1,2-glycosidic bond between α-D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) or its 4-o-methyl ether form (MeGlcA) and d-xylose units in the structure of xylooligosaccharides. The aim of this study was cloning, heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of the α-glucuronidase enzyme from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus kaustophilus. With this aim, the codon optimized α-glucuronidase gene was cloned into pQE-30 vector, overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3), and purified with nickel affinity chromatography. The biochemical characterization of the purified α-glucuronidase revealed that the enzyme has activity at elevated temperatures between 65-90 °C. Additionally, Geobacillus kaustophilus α-glucuronidase enzyme showed higher activity at acidic pH values from pH 4.0 to 6.5. This is the first study to report the gene cloning, recombinant expression and biochemical characterization of α-glucuronidase which could be used as accessory enzyme from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus kaustophilus.

Predicting the 3-D structure of a protein from its sequence based on a template protein structure is still one of the most exact modeling techniques present today. However, template-based modeling is heavily dependent on the selection of a single template structure and the sequence alignment between target and template. Mainly when the target and template sequence identity is low, the error from the alignment introduces larger errors to the model structure. An iterative method to correct such alignment mistakes is used in this study with a benchmark set from CASP in the extremely low sequence-identity regime. This is a protocol developed and tested before and it evaluates the alignment quality by building rough 3-D models for each alignment. Then by using a genetic algorithm it iteratively creates a new set of alignments. Since the method evaluates models, not sequence alignments, structural features are automatically incorporated into the alignment protocol. In the current study, models from structural alignment have been built by Modeller program to show the maximum possible quality of the model that can be obtained from that template structure with the iterative modeling protocol. Then the results and correctly aligned segments from the iterative modeling protocol are analyzed. Finally, it has been shown that if a good local fragment assessment scoring function is developed, the correctly aligned segments exist in the pool of alignments created by the protocol. Thus, the improvement of modeling in the low sequence identity regime is conceivable.

Tekstil endüstrisinde kullanılan boyalar ve boyar maddeler herhangi bir işlem görmeden sulara bırakıldıklarında toksik, kanserojen ve mutajenik etki göstererek çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır. Özellikle pigment boyar maddeler grubunda yer alan ve mikrobiyal bozunmaya karşı dirençli olan azo boyaların, tekstil kaynaklı atık sulardan bertarafı için biyoremediasyona dayalı çevre dostu yöntemler ilgi çekmektedir. Aktinobakteriler, doğada biyoremediasyon ve biyodegredasyon süreçlerine dahil olan ve organik madde ile karbon döngüsünde kilit rol oynayan bakterilerdir. Bu çalışmada, topraktan izole edilen Aktinobakteri izolatının 16S rRNA dizi analizleri ile tanımlanması ve Streptomyces sp. VYN22 olarak belirlenen bakterinin kullanılarak tekstil atıklarından azo boyaların boyar madde giderimi ile ortadan kaldırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu izolatın 16S rRNA dizi analizlerine göre Streptomyces bobili tip türü ile %99,71 yakın akraba olduğu belirlenmiştir. Farklı pH’larda Colorsol Orange Deep tekstil boyası kullanılarak, Streptomyces sp. VYN22’ nin canlı, kuru ve liyofilize formlarının 0-10 saatlerdeki boyar madde giderimleri spektrofotometrik ölçümlerle incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda bu bakterilerin pH 4, 6 ve 10’da boyar madde gideriminde yüksek sonuçlar verdiği gözlemlenmiştir.

In data mining, in order to calculate descriptive statistics and other statistical model parameters correctly, outliers should be identified and excluded from the data set before starting data analysis. This paper studied and compared the performance of model-based, density-based, clustering-based, angle-based, and isolation-based outlier detection methods used in data mining. ROC and AUC curves were used to compare the performances of outlier detection methods. A data set with a standard normal distribution and fit a logistic regression was simulated. To compare the methods, the data was modified by randomly adding 30 outliers to the data set. The iForest algorithm was found to have higher predictive power than Mahalanobis, LOF, k-means, and ABOD. In addition, outliers were found in a real data set with the iForest algorithm and deleted from the data set. Then, the data sets with outliers and without outliers were compared. The results showed that the model without outliers has a higher predictive ability.

The anatomical, ecological and trichome micro-morphological features of two taxa (Marrubium amasiensis and Marrubium parviflorum subsp. parviflorum) belonging to the genus Marrubium were determined and these features were compared. M. amasiensis is endemic and is distributed only around Amasya in Türkiye. In anatomical examinations, cross sections were taken from the root, stem, petiole, leaves and surface sections were taken from stem, petiole, and the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves. When the anatomical findings were examined, multi-layered lamellar collenchyma layer was encountered at the corners of the stem. The studied taxa have equifacial leaves in terms of mesophyll structure. Stomata of M. amasiensis are anomocytic and rarely anisocytic type, while stomata of M. parviflorum subsp. parviflorum are anomocytic type. The margins of the adjacent cells of the stomata in both taxa are very undulate. Eglandular and glandular trichomes were seen on vegetative organs of the two taxa. The eglandular trichomes are stellate, dendroid, marrubioid and simple unicellular types, while glandular trichomes are capitate and peltate types. Dense stellate trichomes were found in the vegetative organs of the studied taxa. Since the head and stalk cell numbers of capitate trichomes showed variation, these trichomes were divided into subtypes. Three subtypes of capitate trichomes were found on the vegetative organs of M. parviflorum subsp. parviflorum, while four subtypes of capitate trichomes were found on the vegetative organs of M. amasiensis. Soil samples were taken during flowering periods of taxa, physical and chemical properties were determined. Some similarities and differences were detected in the anatomical, ecological and trichome micro-morphological features of the studied two taxa. It has been emphasized that these different features will be used as valuable taxonomic characters in distinguishing of the two taxa.

The radiative transfer equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes in the number of photons within a specified volume of a medium over time, taking into account phenomena such as scattering, absorption, and re-emission resulting from photon interactions with the medium. In this study, the radiative transfer equation is considered for a finite slab which anisotropic scattering in a homogeneous medium. The equation solution is done by Legendre polynomials for linear anisotropic, pure quadratic and Rayleigh scattering types. The numerical results are displayed in the tables up to the 13th iteration of the Legendre polynomials. Tables are obtained using different scattering coefficients and single scattering albedo values. The results contain a wide range of data obtained from the method of solving the Legendre polynomial of the radiative transfer equation. Thus, with this study, the effect of different scattering types on the solution of the radiative transfer equation has been demonstrated.

Likopen, başta domates ve domates türevi gıdalar olmak üzere bazı sebze ve meyvelerde doğal olarak bulunan, karotenoidler grubuna ait kırmızı renkli bir pigmenttir. Likopen pigmenti, güçlü bir antioksidan ve pro-vitamin A aktivitesi göstermeyen bir karotenoid olarak kabul edilir. Likopen, spesifik biyolojik özelliklere katkıda bulunabilecek benzersiz yapısal ve kimyasal özelliklere sahiptir. Diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, kanserler, cilt ve kemik rahatsızlıkları, nörolojik bozukluklar gibi çeşitli hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavisinde likopenin çok çeşitli yararlı etkilere sahip olduğu bildirilmiştir. Deney hayvanlarında ve insanlarda likopenin biyoyararlanımı, dokularda dağılımı, metabolizması, atılımı ve biyolojik etkileri ile ilgili bilgiler literatürde birikmeye başlasa da bu konuda daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu derleme, likopenin özellikleri, likopen kaynakları, alınımı ve biyoyararlanımı ile birlikte insan sağlığındaki olası rolü hakkındaki mevcut bilgi durumunu özetlemektedir.

The blood sample is one of the most essential pieces of evidence that helps criminal experts in the elucidation of the crime. However, cleaning the blood found at the crime scene after the crime is committed makes it difficult to detect the crime. Therefore, experts have attached great importance to research on blood samples left at the crime scene. Although many test kits are used, especially in detecting erased blood, the luminol kit is widely used at crime scenes. In the luminol kit, the reaction takes place with the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Since it is known that hydrogen peroxide can react with other substances containing Fe (II) ions that may be present in the environment during the reaction, it was aimed to carry out research to determine which substances luminol interferes with, especially those that may be found in a domestic crime scene in this study. In domestic crime scenes, there are limited substances that can replicate the distinct, enduring luminescence characteristic of a reaction between luminol and genuine bloodstains, while the uncharacteristic glow produced from many other surfaces is likely to be recognised with the naked eye by a good expert, experienced and knowledgeable in the field. In this regard, the prepared samples were treated with luminol in a dark environment, and the reactions occurring in the first seconds were recorded. The results obtained with this reagent are recommended to be supported by other blood test reagents or confirmatory tests, as there are substances that give false positive results with luminol reagents in the present study.

Due to their many applications' benefits, adhesively bonded joints are widely utilized in nearly every industry, including space, marine, automotive, and aeronautics. Since unpredicted loadings may cause resonance in the structures, an accurate prediction of the bonded joints' dynamic characteristics is crucial. Therefore, in this study, modal analysis was performed on the two-, three-, four- and double-step adhesively bonded lap joints of Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Mild steel (Ms) materials with Epoxy Araldite adhesive. Ansys commercial program was utilized to analyze it numerically. The results showed that modeling the bonding region of single lap joints as two-, three-, and four-step adhesively bonded lap joints has no significant effect on the natural frequencies. This modeling has a minor incremental effect on the natural frequencies. However, Double-step lap joints were found to cause a considerable reduction in natural frequencies compared to not only single lap joints but also two-, three-, and four-step adhesively bonded lap joints. Double-step bonding caused a decrease of 8.82%, 8.57%, and 8.73% for Al-Al, Cu-Cu, and Ms-Ms. In general, in all models, the best increase or decrease in terms of natural frequencies was found to be Cu-Cu adhesively lap joints.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of replacing waste aluminum sawdust (AS) with fine aggregate on the strength and durability properties of concrete. For this, concrete mixtures with a cement dosage of 400 kg/m3, water/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.40-0.50-0.60 were prepared. Aluminum sawdust obtained from Elazığ industrial site was added to the concrete mixtures by replacing 0%, 0.5% and 1% fine aggregate by volume. After curing in the curing pool for 28 days, the produced concrete samples were placed in the carbonation tank and exposed to the accelerated carbonation test in three different time periods as the 1st, 3rd and 7th days. Tests of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasound transmission velocity, porosity and carbonation depth were performed on concrete samples before and after carbonation. The samples that were exposed to carbonation were compared with the samples that did not undergo carbonation. In addition, the microstructure of AS concrete was investigated using scanning electron microscopic images (SEM). In the microscopic images, larger cracks, openings and interfacial voids were observed in the concrete matrix with the addition of AS. However, due to the formation of ettringite in these gaps and cracks after carbonation, the cavities became smaller. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that the optimum W/C ratio was 40% and the AS amount was 0.5% in the use of AS in concrete. In addition, it was found that the carbonation effect improves the compressive and splitting tensile strength and increases the ultrasound transmission rate. Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts of the prepared concrete samples. Considering the large amount of natural aggregate consumption, it is thought that the use of waste materials in concrete will provide environmental and economic benefits.

Blasting applications are frequently used during the construction of engineering structures. In our country, damage assessment criteria created by reference to the Report of Investigations RI 8507 prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) are used to control the impact of blast vibrations on existing structures or structures under construction. In this study, the structures in the database of that report of investigation and the points on which the damage criteria are based are examined. Moreover, in the light of the other studies carried out by different researchers about the blast damage criteria in engineering structures, the requirement of reevaluation of USBM damage criteria for reinforced concrete buildings, tunnels, pipelines and other engineering structures has been revealed.

In this study, a PI-PD controller was designed via weighted geometric center method (WGC) for a quarter vehicle model to suppress the vertical vibrations. The proposed design is based on finding the weighted geometric center of the area formed by the control parameters that make the system stable. The WGC method has two main stages. First, an area formed by the parameters of the PD controller (kf, kd) in the inner loop is obtained and the weighted geometric center of this area is calculated. Then, using these obtained parameters, the inner loop is reduced to a single block, and the parameters of the PI controller in the external loop (kp, ki) are calculated using the stability boundary curve as in the first step, and the weighted geometric center is calculated. The simulation results show that the PI-PD controller designed with the weighted geometric center method offers successful responses for the time delay quarter vehicle system.

This paper presents a method for improving the performance of DC-DC Buck Converter Systems using voltage mode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control. We explore the effectiveness of Proportional-Integral (PI) and Lead Compensator controllers in enhancing system stability, minimizing voltage fluctuations, and improving load response. The system is modeled through transfer functions, and the controllers' impacts are analyzed both individually and in tandem. A key contribution of this work is the optimization of the PI-Lead Compensator parameters utilizing the Simulated Annealing Algorithm, which is fine-tuned to improve phase margin, gain crossover frequency, and steady state error. These parameters are critical for optimizing the system’s output performance. Through MATLAB simulations, we demonstrate the iterative process of parameter optimization and validate the algorithm's efficacy in managing the DC-DC Buck Converter. The results highlight the enhanced performance achieved with the optimized parameters, providing a viable solution for effective control of DC-DC Buck Converter Systems.

Cities resembling living organisms are dynamic places that constantly change, either positively or negatively. Urban transformation is a multifaceted process with economic, social, and cultural impacts, and it should trigger socio-economic change and transformation in a positive direction. This interaction between the city and urban transformation has also been integrated with relevant laws regulating the transformation. Urban transformation, which is a complex process in itself, draws from various related processes that have been ongoing since the past. The aim of the study is to examine the factors that play a role in the change and transformation of cities, their historical development, and legal regulations by analyzing the subject through two urban transformation examples in Ankara. In this context, Altındağ, which is the first region where gecekondu settlements began in Türkiye and the North Ankara Entrance Urban Transformation Projects, which marked the first urban transformation initiated by a law, were examined.

Mikro organizmaların hareketi gerek biyolojik davranışlarını anlamada gerekse mikro robot dizaynında önem taşımaktadır. Mikro yüzücü çoğu zaman durağan akışkanda oldukça düşük hızlarda kıvranma hareketi ile yer değiştirmektedir, bu da düşük Reynolds sayısından dolayı viskozitenin domine ettiği bir akıştır. Kıvranma hareketi yüzücünün sürüklenme kuvvetlerinin etkisini farklılaştırmaktadır. İleri, geri ve nötral moddaki hareketler için zamana bağlı periyodik kıvranma hareketi ANSYS® yazılımı ile modellenmiştir. Sonuçlar durağan duruma erişildikten sonraki tam bir periyod için akış çizgileri, hız vektörü eş eğrileri ve yüzücü çeperindeki duvar kesme kuvveti, girdaplılık ve sürükleme katsayısı değişimi olarak sunulmuştur. Kıvranan yüzücünün yüzme verimliliğinin hem Reynolds sayısına hem de yüzücü moduna bağlı olduğu gösterilmiştir.

In this study, the rheological properties of shear thickening fluid, which are generally used as single solid phase in the literature, were investigated by chemical material reinforcement. Considering that the unique shear thickening effect of STF is used in many areas such as increasing the impact resistance of fabrics and energy dissipation, this study aims to provide guidance for investigating what STFs can do with chemical bonds as well as physical bonding.Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was used in varying proportions for chemical reinforcement. When the rheological properties of the suspensions reinforced with MDI as a chemical additive were evaluated, the initial viscosity values increased as the MDI ratio increased, while the solidification behavior under shear was observed significantly in the sample with 2.5% MDI ratio with increasing shear ratio.

Nutritional information on menus can assist customers in making healthier eating choices. One technique being utilized to tackle the rise of overweight and obesity is the use of nutritional information on menus. Menu engineering strategies can be used to improve sales of generally healthier and higher margin items. For today's food and beverage companies, menu engineering has become essential. Companies must continually evaluate their menus in order to keep up with changing customer demands and the conditions of the competitive market. Menu engineering's core involves comparing the effectiveness of each menu. At this point, correct decision-making under numerous factors is thought to be a very challenging procedure. To evaluate alternatives according to many features, several Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches have been created. The main novelty of this paper is that four MCDM methods, including Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Fuzzy TOPSIS, VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and Fuzzy VIKOR, are employed to evaluate menu options. Comparative analysis of MCDM methods is another contribution of this study. The process of evaluating and selecting healthier menu alternatives can become challenging and time-consuming. This study pointed out how crucial it is to conduct comparative analysis using various MCDA methods and to carefully determine the right ones when addressing the issue of selecting the best menu, taking into account the values of the criterion in fuzzy numbers.

Magnesium is one of the metals listed in European Union’s critical raw materials list. Primary production of magnesium is a high energy demanding process which raised the necessity of recycling the magnesium alloys in an efficient way. Remelting those scraps under a salt flux consist of chlorides (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2) and fluorides (CaF2) are a common process however, different alloys might behave differently when it comes to salt-metal-metal oxide interactions. Furthermore, the condition of the salt flux such as dry-mixed or pre-melted (fused) affects the coagulation and metal yield. This work presents results on the effect of CaF2 concentration and pre-melting the salt flux on metal yield during remelting of chips. A yield up to 75% was observed in the case of remelting of chips under a fused salt flux with 5.5% CaF2 concentration.

Katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonları, İslami finans ilkeleri çerçevesinde filtrelenmiş hisse senetlerine yatırım imkânı sağlayan bir yatırım alternatifidir. Olabilirlik teorisi karar vermede önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonlarının karşılaştırılması gibi problemler için olabilirlik teorisine dayanan yeni bir çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım Olabilirlik Değerlendirme Sistemi (PES) olarak adlandırılmıştır. PES, temel ÇKKV yöntemlerinden olan maksimin kuralı, ağırlıklı toplam yöntemi ve maksimaks kuralı ile ilişkilidir. Alternatiflerin öncelik vektörü PES ile tek olarak elde edilmektedir. Başka bir deyişle portföy seçimi problemi gibi çok amaçlı karar verme problemleri için tek bir çözüm vermektedir. PES, çok nitelikli karar verme problemleri için en yüksek önceliğe sahip alternatifin seçilmesine dayanmaktadır. PES, 31.07.2020 ve 30.12.2022 arasında Türkiye’de işlem gören beş farklı katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonunun gerçek veri seti kullanılarak tanıtılmıştır. Yapılan uygulamada, PES’in bu temel yöntemlerden daha fazla bilgi ortaya koyduğu gözlemlenmiştir.