The anatomical, ecological and trichome micro-morphological features of two taxa (Marrubium amasiensis and Marrubium parviflorum subsp. parviflorum) belonging to the genus Marrubium were determined and these features were compared. M. amasiensis is endemic and is distributed only around Amasya in Türkiye. In anatomical examinations, cross sections were taken from the root, stem, petiole, leaves and surface sections were taken from stem, petiole, and the lower and upper surfaces of the leaves. When the anatomical findings were examined, multi-layered lamellar collenchyma layer was encountered at the corners of the stem. The studied taxa have equifacial leaves in terms of mesophyll structure. Stomata of M. amasiensis are anomocytic and rarely anisocytic type, while stomata of M. parviflorum subsp. parviflorum are anomocytic type. The margins of the adjacent cells of the stomata in both taxa are very undulate. Eglandular and glandular trichomes were seen on vegetative organs of the two taxa. The eglandular trichomes are stellate, dendroid, marrubioid and simple unicellular types, while glandular trichomes are capitate and peltate types. Dense stellate trichomes were found in the vegetative organs of the studied taxa. Since the head and stalk cell numbers of capitate trichomes showed variation, these trichomes were divided into subtypes. Three subtypes of capitate trichomes were found on the vegetative organs of M. parviflorum subsp. parviflorum, while four subtypes of capitate trichomes were found on the vegetative organs of M. amasiensis. Soil samples were taken during flowering periods of taxa, physical and chemical properties were determined. Some similarities and differences were detected in the anatomical, ecological and trichome micro-morphological features of the studied two taxa. It has been emphasized that these different features will be used as valuable taxonomic characters in distinguishing of the two taxa.

The radiative transfer equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes in the number of photons within a specified volume of a medium over time, taking into account phenomena such as scattering, absorption, and re-emission resulting from photon interactions with the medium. In this study, the radiative transfer equation is considered for a finite slab which anisotropic scattering in a homogeneous medium. The equation solution is done by Legendre polynomials for linear anisotropic, pure quadratic and Rayleigh scattering types. The numerical results are displayed in the tables up to the 13th iteration of the Legendre polynomials. Tables are obtained using different scattering coefficients and single scattering albedo values. The results contain a wide range of data obtained from the method of solving the Legendre polynomial of the radiative transfer equation. Thus, with this study, the effect of different scattering types on the solution of the radiative transfer equation has been demonstrated.

Likopen, başta domates ve domates türevi gıdalar olmak üzere bazı sebze ve meyvelerde doğal olarak bulunan, karotenoidler grubuna ait kırmızı renkli bir pigmenttir. Likopen pigmenti, güçlü bir antioksidan ve pro-vitamin A aktivitesi göstermeyen bir karotenoid olarak kabul edilir. Likopen, spesifik biyolojik özelliklere katkıda bulunabilecek benzersiz yapısal ve kimyasal özelliklere sahiptir. Diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, kanserler, cilt ve kemik rahatsızlıkları, nörolojik bozukluklar gibi çeşitli hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavisinde likopenin çok çeşitli yararlı etkilere sahip olduğu bildirilmiştir. Deney hayvanlarında ve insanlarda likopenin biyoyararlanımı, dokularda dağılımı, metabolizması, atılımı ve biyolojik etkileri ile ilgili bilgiler literatürde birikmeye başlasa da bu konuda daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu derleme, likopenin özellikleri, likopen kaynakları, alınımı ve biyoyararlanımı ile birlikte insan sağlığındaki olası rolü hakkındaki mevcut bilgi durumunu özetlemektedir.

The blood sample is one of the most essential pieces of evidence that helps criminal experts in the elucidation of the crime. However, cleaning the blood found at the crime scene after the crime is committed makes it difficult to detect the crime. Therefore, experts have attached great importance to research on blood samples left at the crime scene. Although many test kits are used, especially in detecting erased blood, the luminol kit is widely used at crime scenes. In the luminol kit, the reaction takes place with the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Since it is known that hydrogen peroxide can react with other substances containing Fe (II) ions that may be present in the environment during the reaction, it was aimed to carry out research to determine which substances luminol interferes with, especially those that may be found in a domestic crime scene in this study. In domestic crime scenes, there are limited substances that can replicate the distinct, enduring luminescence characteristic of a reaction between luminol and genuine bloodstains, while the uncharacteristic glow produced from many other surfaces is likely to be recognised with the naked eye by a good expert, experienced and knowledgeable in the field. In this regard, the prepared samples were treated with luminol in a dark environment, and the reactions occurring in the first seconds were recorded. The results obtained with this reagent are recommended to be supported by other blood test reagents or confirmatory tests, as there are substances that give false positive results with luminol reagents in the present study.

Due to their many applications' benefits, adhesively bonded joints are widely utilized in nearly every industry, including space, marine, automotive, and aeronautics. Since unpredicted loadings may cause resonance in the structures, an accurate prediction of the bonded joints' dynamic characteristics is crucial. Therefore, in this study, modal analysis was performed on the two-, three-, four- and double-step adhesively bonded lap joints of Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), and Mild steel (Ms) materials with Epoxy Araldite adhesive. Ansys commercial program was utilized to analyze it numerically. The results showed that modeling the bonding region of single lap joints as two-, three-, and four-step adhesively bonded lap joints has no significant effect on the natural frequencies. This modeling has a minor incremental effect on the natural frequencies. However, Double-step lap joints were found to cause a considerable reduction in natural frequencies compared to not only single lap joints but also two-, three-, and four-step adhesively bonded lap joints. Double-step bonding caused a decrease of 8.82%, 8.57%, and 8.73% for Al-Al, Cu-Cu, and Ms-Ms. In general, in all models, the best increase or decrease in terms of natural frequencies was found to be Cu-Cu adhesively lap joints.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of replacing waste aluminum sawdust (AS) with fine aggregate on the strength and durability properties of concrete. For this, concrete mixtures with a cement dosage of 400 kg/m3, water/cement (W/C) ratio of 0.40-0.50-0.60 were prepared. Aluminum sawdust obtained from Elazığ industrial site was added to the concrete mixtures by replacing 0%, 0.5% and 1% fine aggregate by volume. After curing in the curing pool for 28 days, the produced concrete samples were placed in the carbonation tank and exposed to the accelerated carbonation test in three different time periods as the 1st, 3rd and 7th days. Tests of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, ultrasound transmission velocity, porosity and carbonation depth were performed on concrete samples before and after carbonation. The samples that were exposed to carbonation were compared with the samples that did not undergo carbonation. In addition, the microstructure of AS concrete was investigated using scanning electron microscopic images (SEM). In the microscopic images, larger cracks, openings and interfacial voids were observed in the concrete matrix with the addition of AS. However, due to the formation of ettringite in these gaps and cracks after carbonation, the cavities became smaller. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that the optimum W/C ratio was 40% and the AS amount was 0.5% in the use of AS in concrete. In addition, it was found that the carbonation effect improves the compressive and splitting tensile strength and increases the ultrasound transmission rate. Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts of the prepared concrete samples. Considering the large amount of natural aggregate consumption, it is thought that the use of waste materials in concrete will provide environmental and economic benefits.

Blasting applications are frequently used during the construction of engineering structures. In our country, damage assessment criteria created by reference to the Report of Investigations RI 8507 prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) are used to control the impact of blast vibrations on existing structures or structures under construction. In this study, the structures in the database of that report of investigation and the points on which the damage criteria are based are examined. Moreover, in the light of the other studies carried out by different researchers about the blast damage criteria in engineering structures, the requirement of reevaluation of USBM damage criteria for reinforced concrete buildings, tunnels, pipelines and other engineering structures has been revealed.

In this study, a PI-PD controller was designed via weighted geometric center method (WGC) for a quarter vehicle model to suppress the vertical vibrations. The proposed design is based on finding the weighted geometric center of the area formed by the control parameters that make the system stable. The WGC method has two main stages. First, an area formed by the parameters of the PD controller (kf, kd) in the inner loop is obtained and the weighted geometric center of this area is calculated. Then, using these obtained parameters, the inner loop is reduced to a single block, and the parameters of the PI controller in the external loop (kp, ki) are calculated using the stability boundary curve as in the first step, and the weighted geometric center is calculated. The simulation results show that the PI-PD controller designed with the weighted geometric center method offers successful responses for the time delay quarter vehicle system.

This paper presents a method for improving the performance of DC-DC Buck Converter Systems using voltage mode Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control. We explore the effectiveness of Proportional-Integral (PI) and Lead Compensator controllers in enhancing system stability, minimizing voltage fluctuations, and improving load response. The system is modeled through transfer functions, and the controllers' impacts are analyzed both individually and in tandem. A key contribution of this work is the optimization of the PI-Lead Compensator parameters utilizing the Simulated Annealing Algorithm, which is fine-tuned to improve phase margin, gain crossover frequency, and steady state error. These parameters are critical for optimizing the system’s output performance. Through MATLAB simulations, we demonstrate the iterative process of parameter optimization and validate the algorithm's efficacy in managing the DC-DC Buck Converter. The results highlight the enhanced performance achieved with the optimized parameters, providing a viable solution for effective control of DC-DC Buck Converter Systems.

Cities resembling living organisms are dynamic places that constantly change, either positively or negatively. Urban transformation is a multifaceted process with economic, social, and cultural impacts, and it should trigger socio-economic change and transformation in a positive direction. This interaction between the city and urban transformation has also been integrated with relevant laws regulating the transformation. Urban transformation, which is a complex process in itself, draws from various related processes that have been ongoing since the past. The aim of the study is to examine the factors that play a role in the change and transformation of cities, their historical development, and legal regulations by analyzing the subject through two urban transformation examples in Ankara. In this context, Altındağ, which is the first region where gecekondu settlements began in Türkiye and the North Ankara Entrance Urban Transformation Projects, which marked the first urban transformation initiated by a law, were examined.

Mikro organizmaların hareketi gerek biyolojik davranışlarını anlamada gerekse mikro robot dizaynında önem taşımaktadır. Mikro yüzücü çoğu zaman durağan akışkanda oldukça düşük hızlarda kıvranma hareketi ile yer değiştirmektedir, bu da düşük Reynolds sayısından dolayı viskozitenin domine ettiği bir akıştır. Kıvranma hareketi yüzücünün sürüklenme kuvvetlerinin etkisini farklılaştırmaktadır. İleri, geri ve nötral moddaki hareketler için zamana bağlı periyodik kıvranma hareketi ANSYS® yazılımı ile modellenmiştir. Sonuçlar durağan duruma erişildikten sonraki tam bir periyod için akış çizgileri, hız vektörü eş eğrileri ve yüzücü çeperindeki duvar kesme kuvveti, girdaplılık ve sürükleme katsayısı değişimi olarak sunulmuştur. Kıvranan yüzücünün yüzme verimliliğinin hem Reynolds sayısına hem de yüzücü moduna bağlı olduğu gösterilmiştir.

In this study, the rheological properties of shear thickening fluid, which are generally used as single solid phase in the literature, were investigated by chemical material reinforcement. Considering that the unique shear thickening effect of STF is used in many areas such as increasing the impact resistance of fabrics and energy dissipation, this study aims to provide guidance for investigating what STFs can do with chemical bonds as well as physical bonding.Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was used in varying proportions for chemical reinforcement. When the rheological properties of the suspensions reinforced with MDI as a chemical additive were evaluated, the initial viscosity values increased as the MDI ratio increased, while the solidification behavior under shear was observed significantly in the sample with 2.5% MDI ratio with increasing shear ratio.

Nutritional information on menus can assist customers in making healthier eating choices. One technique being utilized to tackle the rise of overweight and obesity is the use of nutritional information on menus. Menu engineering strategies can be used to improve sales of generally healthier and higher margin items. For today's food and beverage companies, menu engineering has become essential. Companies must continually evaluate their menus in order to keep up with changing customer demands and the conditions of the competitive market. Menu engineering's core involves comparing the effectiveness of each menu. At this point, correct decision-making under numerous factors is thought to be a very challenging procedure. To evaluate alternatives according to many features, several Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approaches have been created. The main novelty of this paper is that four MCDM methods, including Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Fuzzy TOPSIS, VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and Fuzzy VIKOR, are employed to evaluate menu options. Comparative analysis of MCDM methods is another contribution of this study. The process of evaluating and selecting healthier menu alternatives can become challenging and time-consuming. This study pointed out how crucial it is to conduct comparative analysis using various MCDA methods and to carefully determine the right ones when addressing the issue of selecting the best menu, taking into account the values of the criterion in fuzzy numbers.

Magnesium is one of the metals listed in European Union’s critical raw materials list. Primary production of magnesium is a high energy demanding process which raised the necessity of recycling the magnesium alloys in an efficient way. Remelting those scraps under a salt flux consist of chlorides (NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2) and fluorides (CaF2) are a common process however, different alloys might behave differently when it comes to salt-metal-metal oxide interactions. Furthermore, the condition of the salt flux such as dry-mixed or pre-melted (fused) affects the coagulation and metal yield. This work presents results on the effect of CaF2 concentration and pre-melting the salt flux on metal yield during remelting of chips. A yield up to 75% was observed in the case of remelting of chips under a fused salt flux with 5.5% CaF2 concentration.

Katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonları, İslami finans ilkeleri çerçevesinde filtrelenmiş hisse senetlerine yatırım imkânı sağlayan bir yatırım alternatifidir. Olabilirlik teorisi karar vermede önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonlarının karşılaştırılması gibi problemler için olabilirlik teorisine dayanan yeni bir çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Bu yaklaşım Olabilirlik Değerlendirme Sistemi (PES) olarak adlandırılmıştır. PES, temel ÇKKV yöntemlerinden olan maksimin kuralı, ağırlıklı toplam yöntemi ve maksimaks kuralı ile ilişkilidir. Alternatiflerin öncelik vektörü PES ile tek olarak elde edilmektedir. Başka bir deyişle portföy seçimi problemi gibi çok amaçlı karar verme problemleri için tek bir çözüm vermektedir. PES, çok nitelikli karar verme problemleri için en yüksek önceliğe sahip alternatifin seçilmesine dayanmaktadır. PES, 31.07.2020 ve 30.12.2022 arasında Türkiye’de işlem gören beş farklı katılım hisse senedi şemsiye fonunun gerçek veri seti kullanılarak tanıtılmıştır. Yapılan uygulamada, PES’in bu temel yöntemlerden daha fazla bilgi ortaya koyduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Zihni Derin Campus, situated at the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey, in the province of Rize, was established on a land area of approximately 3.254.430.28 m². It was found that tea, which was thought to be affected by radiation after the nuclear accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, was buried in sacks in this area, which was used as a tea factory before. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the radiation levels in the campus area. In this study, the quantities of artificial (137Cs), and natural (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) radionuclides, were assessed using a high purity germanium detector (HPGe) in 15 soil samples collected from the Zihni Derin Campus of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University in Rize. For 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs the activity values of soil samples varied from 43.78 to 62.58, 29.85 to 41.61, 132.48 to 346.44 and 3.90 to 202.94 Bq kg-1, respectively. Upon comparison with the average global values provided by the UNSCEAR (2000), it was observed that the mean activity values for 226Ra and 232Th in the soil samples were higher. Conversely, the average activity concentrations for 40K and 137Cs were found to be lower than the world average values reported by UNSCEAR (2000). Furthermore, radiological hazard indexes were calculated and compared with internationally acceptable values. This research demonstrates that there are no health concerns for individuals exposed to the soil samples in the study area.

Derin çekme prosesi, metal levha şekillendirme endüstrisinde en çok tercih edilen proseslerden bir tanesidir. Özellikle seri üretim söz konusu olduğunda kap formundaki iş parçalarının düşük maliyetlerle üretilmesi mümkündür. Ancak, aynı durum seri üretim dışında farkı boyutlara sahip ürünlerin imal edilmesi esnasında geçerli olmayıp, kalıp yapım maliyetlerinden kaynaklı olarak prosesin ekonomikliğini büyük ölçüde kaybetmesiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu dezavantajı gidermek amacıyla daha yeni yaklaşımların ve metotların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Çok noktalı derin çekme prosesi standart kalıp elemanları yerine yüksekliği ayarlanabilir pimler kullanılması vasıtasıyla farklı boyutlarda veya yüksekliklerde derin çekme işleminin yapılmasına müsaade eden bir yöntemdir. Ancak prosesin bir özelliği olan pim kullanımının etkilerinin araştırılması da önemlidir. Bu çalışmada 87 mm uzunluğunda, 12 mm çapa sahip pimlerden oluşan çok noktalı derin çekme kalıbında farklı pim uç radyuslarının (1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm) proses üzerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla ilk önce 6 mm radyusa sahip pimlerden oluşan bir kalıp seti imal edilmiş ve 0,75 mm kalınlığa sahip AISI Al 3003 HX6 alüminyum alaşım üzerinde deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra aynı koşullar altında sonlu elemanlar yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan simülasyonlar sonucunda elde edilen değerler ve deneylerden elde edilen değerler karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular arasındaki tutarlılık sağlandıktan sonra çalışmanın 1 mm ve 3 mm radyusa sahip pimlerin etkisinin incelenmesini içeren aşamaları sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile simüle edilerek, analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak pim uç radyuslarının değerlerinin azaldıkça, iş parçası ile temas eden yüzeyin artmasına bağlı olarak gerekli yük değerinin arttığı ve iş parçasının daha düşük bir çekme derinliğinde yırtıldığı saptanmıştır. En iyi sonuçların 6 mm radyusa sahip pim kullanılması durumunda elde edildiği görülmüştür.

Orman işletmelerinde sürekli ve rasyonel bir çalışma gerçekleştirebilmek için ağaçların odun hacim ve artım miktarının periyodik olarak belirlenmesi önemlidir. Ağaçlardan elde edilecek materyallerin farklı kullanım amaçları için ağaçların odun hacimlerini belirlemede ağaç gövde çapının hassas bir şekilde ölçülmesi gerekmektedir. Ağaç gövde çapları çoğunlukla manuel olarak kumpaslarla ölçülmektedir. Bu işlem sürecinde bir orman işçisi kumpasla ağacın gövde çapını ölçmekte ve başka bir işçi ise bu ölçüm bilgisini dikili ağaç ölçüm tutanağına kaydetmekte ve daha sonra analiz için bu veriler bilgisayar ortamına aktarılmaktadır. Tüm bu süreçler zaman, iş gücü ve ölçüm hataları gibi sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ağaç gövde çaplarını ölçebilmek amacıyla derinlik bilgisi içeren bir kamera, tek kart bilgisayar ve diğer çevre birimlerden oluşan düşük maliyetli taşınabilir bir ölçüm sisteminin tasarımı ortaya konmuş ve ön testleri gerçekleştirmek amacıyla deneysel bir sistem oluşturulmuştur. Hedef plan doğrultusunda oluşturulan görüntüleme sistemi ile bazı ön testler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Derinlik bilgisi içeren görüntülerde, hedeflenen bir ağaç gövdesinin dış aydınlatma ortamından etkilenmeksizin ön plana çıkarabiliyor olması, ağaç gövde çapının hassas bir şekilde belirlenmesini sağlamaktadır. Kamera sensörü-ağaç gövdesi arası mesafe belirli bir sınır değer içerisinde (20-100cm) olması koşuluyla 15 farklı ölçüm gerçekleştirilmiş ve manuel kumpas ölçümüne göre ağaç gövde çapları maksimum 1.975 cm hata değeri ile belirlenmiştir.

In this study, numerical analysis of scattering from a dielectric-coated metallic reflector is presented. The reflector has a parabolic cross-sectional cylindrical geometry. Radiation patterns and aperture efficiency parameters are analyzed using physical optics. A complex source point located at the focal point of the parabolic reflector is used as the source of radiation. The dielectric-coated metallic reflector is considered as an antenna, and an impedance boundary is utilized. The effects of coating on radiation patterns are analyzed in terms of dielectric thickness and dielectric permittivity. Numerical results are presented for various parameters, including dielectric permittivity, dielectric layer thickness, complex source point width, and focal distance.

Legume wastes, pinto bean peel (PBP) and pea shell (PS), were hydrothermally carbonized in subcritical water at various temperatures (200-240 °C) with the aim of obtaining a solid fuel, hydrochar. Fuel characteristics and chemical properties of hydrochars were determined by standard fuel analysis methods. Hydrochar yield decreased sharply with the increase of temperature due to the enhanced degradation of legume wastes. The weight percent of initial carbon in the legume wastes retained in the obtained hydrochars was lower than those in the literature due to the low hydrochar yields. The effect of temperature on carbon content and hence higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar became noticable at 240°C. As a result of this effect, bituminous coal-like and lignite-like hydrochars with HHV of 31.2 and 28.1 MJ.kg-1were obtained from PBP and PS, respectively. Hydrochars obtained at 220 °C were chemically activated with ZnCl2 to produce activated carbons (PBP-AHC and PS-AHC). The activated carbons were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). BET surface area, total pore volume, and mesopore volume of PS-HC were determined as 1205 m2. g-1, 0.686 m3. g-1 and 0.144 m3. g-1, respectively. PBP-AHC was found to have higher BET surface area (1350 m2. g-1), total pore volume (0.723 m3. g-1), and mesopore volume (0.249 m3. g-1) than PS-AHC. Activated carbons were tested as adsorbent for removal of amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solutions with the batch adsorption studies carried out at different initial concentrations, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The compatibility of the adsorption data with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was checked to determine the adsorption capacity of activated carbons. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qmax) was calculated as 188.7 and 70.9 mg. g-1 for PBP-AHC and PS-AHC, respectively. Adsorption kinetic analysis revealed that AMX adsorption on PBP-AHC and PS-AHC best fits with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. AMX adsorption was found to be faster on PBP-AHC than PS-AHC due to its higher surface area and more mesoporous character. ZnCl2 activation of PBP-derived hydrochar produced a potential adsorbent for amoxicillin removal.