This study aims to review the literature about the emotional problems experienced by mobbing victims in the workplace and present a research model. Defined as a severe source of social stress in the workplace, mobbing systematically involves protracted and escalating conflicts with frequent abusive acts against the target person. Mobbing significantly impacts a victim’s emotional health, which can cause various psychiatric, psychosomatic, and psychosocial issues. Studies have shown that mobbing victims often suffer from anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosomatic symptoms, and sleep disturbances. In addition, they may experience low self-esteem, a lack of social skills, and a sense of submission. The consequences of mobbing go beyond the individual and affect their families and relatives. In this research, a literature review is conducted about the causes, manifestations, and consequences of mobbing. A research model is designed to emphasize the importance of cognitive behavioral techniques in combating emotional problems caused by exposure to mobbing behaviors in the workplace.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease affecting multiple organ systems and showing many different clinical symptoms. The severity of the disease varies from person to person and progresses gradually over the years. In this study, 17 NF1 patients who had a definite diagnosis were evaluated in terms of genetic, ophthalmological, and nervous system investigations. Approximately 5000 patients who visited medical genetics clinic between 2012 and 2022 are recorded in our archive. In 17 of these patients, a definitive genetic diagnosis was made. In the course of the study, the researchers collected some clinical parameters such as antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum history and family history. In the family history, the researchers did a detailed pedigree with at least 3 generations of analysis, questioned parental kinship, looked for similar members in families, and identified inheritance patterns of the disorder. Peripheral venous blood samples were taken from the patients and sent to a commercial laboratory for gene panels or WES while the karyotyping was carried out in our laboratory. After obtaining the definitive genetic diagnosis of all patients, we compiled a table with the other parameters we questioned. This study presented the genotype and phenotype findings of NF1 patients. Ophthalmological symptoms in patients were also examined. These new-generation genetic disease diagnosis methods can be routinely used in clinical practice by medical geneticists. The diagnosis of a disease is one step ahead of its treatment. Because if the necessary diagnosis is not made, treatment of the disease is not possible. While this situation was more difficult in the past, nowadays, with the developing technology, diseases can be diagnosed more easily. In NF1 disease, more information can be obtained as a result of genetics, imaging, and examinations of other branches.

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between phubbing levels and the empathy attitude of college students. In our descriptive and correlational study, data were gathered from 528 college students studying in the undergraduate program of a university in Eastern Türkiye. Personal information form, Phubbing Scale, and Empathic Tendency Scale were employed as data collection forms. The research’s findings were examined using the SPSS 22.00 package program, and all analyses were judged significant if the p-value is less than 0,05 (p<0.05). The average total scores of the college students were found to be 42.77±19.09 on the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and 62.52±7.56 on the Empathic Tendency Scale (ETS). We found a significant difference between the mean phubbing and empathic tendency scores of college students and the number of book readings per week, the number of friends, and the meeting with friends weekly. The conclusion was that there was a strong negative and significant association between students’ total mean scores on the ETS and GSP scales (r=-0.581, p=0.00).

The study was executed as cross-sectional to unearth the effect of thanatophobia and professional commitment on compassion fatigue in nurses in Türkiye. This study is cross-sectional. 521 nurses were reached by using the regional stratified method. Data were collected online via Google forms between July and November 2021.Data were obtained with the Sociodemographic and Occupational Characteristics Questionnaire, the Compassion Fatigue Short Scale, the Thanatophobia Scale and the Scale of Commitment to the Nursing Profession. Data were evaluated using the number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, One way ANOVA, and using correlation and regression analysis. The mean age of the nurses was 32.22±7.51. Nurses acquired a moderate score on the Compassion Fatigue (64.63±30.89), Thanatophobia (30.69±12.26), and Professional Commitment (67.66±14.33) scales. Thanatophobia predicted Compassion Fatigue at a rate of 41.2% in terms of providing care to a terminally ill patient and thinking about quitting the profession in the near future. Nurses acquired a moderate score on the Compassion Fatigue, Thanatophobia and Professional Commitment scales. It is recommended to evaluate Compassion Fatigue, Thanatophobia, and Professional Commitment in nurses regularly, to provide training for nurses who cared for patients who have fear of death or who have died, to rotate nurses working in this field, and to strengthen the collaboration among employees to increase their commitment to the profession.

Clinicians both have the responsibility to take care of the patients and to facilitate students to learn. Having different responsibilities at the same time can be stressful for medical teachers and can affect their identity as medical teachers. The aim of the study is to determine and identify approaches to the teaching of medical teachers in a university hospital. The methodology of the research is qualitative research. The educational case study method was used to develop an in-depth understanding of medical teachers’ teaching approaches. We asked the meaning of being a medical teacher, the related factors with teaching, and their best experiences of teaching by individual indepth interview. Nine individual in-depth interviews were held with participants. The most experienced medical teacher has the 27-year of experience and the junior one has 6 months of experience. Three main themes have emerged. The issues at clinical education, teachers’ perspectives on clinical education, and the roles of students and teachers at clinical education. Our study shows the residents, nurses, peer students have roles in clinical education in addition to medical teachers. One of the issues is the limitation to standardize clinical education for each student. All participants mentioned they become an academician for the greater good. The medical teachers are expecting the students to have a high level of situated interest. However, increasing students’ situated interest is up to their prior knowledge of the context, the characteristics of the learning activity, the learning environment, and the approach to the teaching of medical teachers.

It was aimed to determine whether there is a difference in mortality and symptoms between patients, aged 60 years or above, with hypertension (HT) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and those without any chronic disease. The population of the study, which was conducted as a retrospective case-control study, consisted of 2747 HT patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and aged 60 years or above. While 170 patients with HT diagnosis formed the case group, 170 patients without any chronic disease formed the control group from the sample. In this study, the time from diagnosis to death was found to be shorter in the presence of HT in COVID-19 patients, while males diagnosed with COVID-19 had higher rates of intensive care unit admittance, intubation and mortality than females irrespective of HT. The presence of HT was determined not to affect symptoms in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The most common symptoms were fatigue, cough, body ache, fever, headache, and sore throat in HT and control groups and the symptoms were similar in both groups. Further studies are recommended to reveal the relationship between HT, considered one of the most important risk factors for COVID-19, and adverse outcomes related to COVID-19.

This study aimed to determine the barriers, vaccine hesitancy and attitudes towards the to the COVID-19 vaccine in Türkiye. A cross-sectional study included 2031 people aged 18 years and older living in Türkiye. Data were collected through an online questionnaire created by the researchers in line with the literature and the Attitudes towards the COVID-19 Vaccine (ATV-COVID-19) scale. In total, 1043 participants (51.4%) defined themselves as vaccine hesitant. The most-motivating factor for vaccination was protecting self and family, while thinking that vaccines are unsafe was the most common barrier against vaccination. Compared to females, being male (OR=0.770) had a 1.3-times (1/0.770) protective effect from vaccination hesitancy, while one unit increase in the ATV-COVID-19 score (OR=0.080) was 12.5-times (1/0.080) protective. As a result of the study, it was observed that there was a high level of vaccine hesitancy due to mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines or fear of side effects. In addition, vaccine hesitancy was associated with gender and the level of attitude towards the vaccine.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is an important chronic health problem of childhood. Cooperation of parents and teachers is necessary in diabetes management. In our cross-sectional study, a 3-part questionnaire evaluating the educational status of teachers for T1DM was used. Questions consisting of 4 factors were asked about the level of knowledge, awareness, living with diabetes, and school life with diabetes. In scoring the answers given to the questions in the first part, each correct answer was recorded as +1 point, each incorrect answer as -1 point, and ‘I have no idea’ as 0 points. The total score ranged from -21 to +21 points. Those who scored 11 points or more were considered to have a sufficient level of knowledge and awareness about T1DM. The validity of the first part of the scale, KMO and Bartlett’s test score, was found to be 0.94. The reliability of the first part of the scale, Cronbach’s alpha value, was 0.91. The mean score of the first part of the scale was 9.3±5.1, and range was between -3 to 19 points. In our study, the number of those who scored 11 points or more in the questions measuring the level of knowledge and awareness about diabetes were 268 (46.4%). We observed that the level of knowledge and awareness about diabetes in schools in our province is not sufficient.

International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) assigned a committee for setting a definition of pain, in year 1979. Despite many criticisms and suggestions, the definition introduced in year 1979 has been kept almost unchanged, except for the slight changes made in years 1986, 1994, and 2011. Since the criticisms from various philosophical and scientific disciplines increased in the recent period, the association assigned a team of 14 researchers and clinicians, who were at the forefront in their disciplines, in year 2018 to revise the definition. Slight modifications were suggested for the definition and explanation in year 2020. In this paper, the definition of pain suggested in year 2011 is examined first. Then, the alternative definitions and criticisms from the scientific and philosophical actors are discussed and, finally, the criticisms addressing the definition proposed in 2020 are reviewed after assessing the definition.

Physician migration, which maintains global importance in terms of health ethics, is a phenomenon that has gained momentum in Türkiye throughout the recent years. However, there are limited studies on this subject, and no research has been found that addresses the issue in terms of health ethics and rights. In this regard, this study is likely to contribute to a better understanding of Türkiye’s physician migration. Furthermore, draw some attentions for solutions and health policies through the lens of physician and patients’ rights. The population of the retrospectively designed study consists of research proposals related to physician migration in the Turkish Grand National Assembly and the statements of members of parliament in the general assembly proceedings during the same period. Data obtained from transcripts that were searched using keywords such as “physician,” “doctor,” “health,” “migration,” and “foreign countries” were coded and subjected to content analysis using a qualitative method. Multifaceted findings emerged in the context of physician and patient rights in the categories of “reasons,” “consequences,” and “solutions”. It was observed that certain rights were more affected by the process, that rights were interdependent, and that structural regulations in the healthcare system were necessary for their fulfillment. There is a need for legislation that would concretely demonstrate physician rights in a legal status. In the context of physician rights, the prominence of “reasons” and the emphasis on patient rights in the “consequences” category also point to a significant ethical dilemma. The dilemma between the autonomy of the physician and the principle of justice, which is central to the ethical debate about physician migration, has been confirmed, indicating a need for further in-depth research on this topic. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how physician migration, which has recently increased in Türkiye, is addressed by members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in terms of physician and patient rights.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the correlation between histopathologic-immunohistochemical factors, tumor subtypes and fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) parameters such standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) in breast cancer (BC). Initial PET/CT examination of 110 histopathologically proven BC patients (age ranging 27-92, mean age 56.18 ± 14.59) were included in this retrospective study. The relationship between histopathological-immunohistochemical factors, tumor subtypes and PET/CT parameters were analyzed by regression analysis. The mean SUV max value of 110 breast tumors was 7.73 ± 5.62 (range 1.4 - 34.15). Histological subtypes were; invasive ductal carcinoma (n:94, 85.5%), invasive lobular carcinoma (n=6, 5.5%) and other types (n=10, 9.1%). The distribution of BC subtypes was as follows; Luminal A (Lum A) (n=38; 34.5%), Luminal B (Lum B) (n=56; 50.9%), HER2-positive (n=3; 2.7%) and Triple Negative (TN) (n=13; 11.8%). Univariate regression analysis revealed significantly higher SUV max values in ductal carcinomas than lobular carcinomas (p=0.03). SUVmax values of the Lum B, HER2 positive and TN groups were higher than Lum A group (p=0.03, p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively). Univariate regression analyses also showed that the MTV and TLG values of TN group were significantly higher than Lum A group (p=0.011, p=0.007, respectively). In multivariate regression analyses, no significant difference was observed in above mentioned groups. MTV, TLG and SUVmax values significantly correlated with histopathological-immunohistochemical factors and tumor subtypes in BC. So that, these parameters can be used to predict the tumors’ behavior.

A close relationship between labor and the placenta is known. The study of gene expression profiles describing the effects of labor on placental tissue has accelerated in recent years. This study aims to compare the expression levels of GDF15, ADM, SERPINE1, NOS3, IL 6, TNF-α genes in placental tissues discarded after vaginal deliveries with labor pain and elective cesarean deliveries before the onset of labor pain. For this purpose, placental tissues of vaginal deliveries with labor pain (n=9) and elective cesarean deliveries without labor pain (n=9) were collected immediately after births. RNA extracted from tissues (umblical cords and deciduas). Gene expression analyzes were performed by Real-time PCR method. TNF-α gene expression levels in decidua and umblical cord tissues in vaginal deliveries with labor pain were higher than in elective cesareans without labor pain, and NOS3, ADM, SERPINE1 gene expression levels were low. GDF15 and IL-6 gene expression levels were high in the umblical cord tissues and were low in the decidua in vaginal deliveries with labor pain compared to elective cesareans without labor pain. The high level of GDF15 gene expression in the vaginal deliveries with labor pain umblical cord tissues was significant (p<0.05). Changes in gene expression between different types of birth may help us to understand how labor pain affects gene expression levels. These results suggest that labor pain affects different tissues in different ways. The “birth experience” of a placenta that has experienced pain stress is absolutely different to others process. Since birth pain is a natural stress, it can be a light in determining the effects of the differences in cesarean section on the baby and the mother. Gene expression alterations may cause labor starting and progressing, or just be an result of labor.

The development and use of new drugs have accelerated in proportion tothe increase in understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatological diseases. In the treatment of rheumatological diseases, regular and proper use of drugs prevents disease progression and protects the patient from potential exacerbations and complications. The readability of patient information leaflets (PILs) increases treatment compliance. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the readability levels of PILs of frequently prescribed drugs in rheumatology practice. A total of 182 frequently prescribed medications in rheumatology practice were randomly selected. The PILs of these drugs were scored according to Ateşman and Bezirci-Yılmaz readability scales and their readability levels were thus determined. It was determined that the PILs could be read with 11-12 years of education and high school education on average according to Ateşman and Bezirci-Yılmaz readability scales respectively. Considering the fact that the mean schooling level in Türkiye is 6.5 years, the readability levels of the PILs of frequently prescribed medications in rheumatology practice are well above this level. It is suggested that the current readability of the PILs is adjusted in accordance with the patients’ level of understanding and education and arrangements to increase the readability levels are made.

The illness of Sultan Mahmud II, the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the 109th Islamic Caliph, started to be discussed after his death. In this study, the possible illnesses of Sultan Mahmud II, his illness process and death were analysed by comparing the claims and explanations made by his physicians during his illness and death. The research includes: the incomplete document of Abdülhak Molla, the chief physician of the period; the book titled Deux Annees de l’Histoire d’Orient 1839-1840 (Two Years in the East 1839-1840) written by Edmond De Cadalvene and Emile Barrault; the book titled Relation Officielle de la Maladie et de la Mort du Sultan Mahmud II (Sultan Mahmud II’s Illness and Death) by Mac Carthy and Konstantin Kara Todori. The Illness and Death of Sultan Mahmud II), published in 1841; and, three reports sent by Karl Ambros Bernard to the Austrian government on different dates based on Jakob Neuner. In the light of current medical knowledge, the above-mentioned information and documents about the sultan’s illness suggest that Sultan Mahmud II suffered from “lung cancer” and “alcohol withdrawal syndrome”. It was concluded that his death was due to sepsis developing as a result of the infection caused by the disease and the deterioration of metabolite balances in the body.

The aim of our study was to determine the factors responsible for COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and hesitancy in patients with drug allergies. We prepared a survey to understand the thoughts, hesitancies and experiences about COVID-19 vaccination and COVID-19 infection in patients with drug allergies and statistically examined the results. A survey study was applied to 76 patients who were admitted to Ankara University Internal Medicine Allergy and Immunology Department with drug allergies. 38 patients who were vaccinated and 38 patients who weren’t were compared. Among the 38 patients who were vaccinated, 34 (89.5%) chose Biontech vaccine, 4 (10.5%) chose Sinovac vaccine. Among the patients who weren’t vaccinated, 28 (73.7%) explained they weren’t vaccinated because of drug allergies. Educational statuses were statistically significantly different (p=0.026) among vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients, lower in vaccinated patients. Vaccinated patients thought the vaccine reduced the possibility of COVID-19 infection and complications, which was significantly different (p<0.01). Non-vaccinated group significantly feared the possible allergic reaction to the COVID-19 vaccine, more than the vaccinated group (p=0.028). Fear of the possible side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine (p<0.001) and the thought of the COVID-19 vaccine being associated with unpredictable effects were significantly more evident in the non-vaccinated group (p<0.001). In conclusion, our study analyzed multiple factors in drug allergy patients regarding vaccine acceptance, rejection, and hesitancy for the first time in literature, similar studies with larger samples can also contribute to the literature in the future.

COVID-19 pandemic and measures to combat the pandemic caused an increase in the risk of violence against women. In this study, it was aimed to examine the change in violence crimes against women evaluated in a tertiary forensic medicine clinic over a two-year period by focusing on periods of lockdown and domestic violence. Victims of violence against women who admitted to our center between 01/01/2020 and 12/31/2021 were included in the study. Patient files and forensic reports were used to acquire information regarding the age, date of the incident, relationship of the offender, type of incident, usage of weapons, injuries sustained, and if the incident was domestic violence. The ages of 121 cases evaluated ranged from 10 to 88 years, and the mean age was 36.1 (SD=17.6) years. When the mean number of incidents per day was examined, it was shown that cases of domestic violence were most common during the lockdown period. When all cases were considered together, it was shown that the highest mean number of cases occurred in the first days following the restrictions. Violence against women increased during the periods of the pandemic. In cases of domestic violence, as expected, the most significant rise occurred during lockdown periods. The 24-hour period following the lockdown application has been identified as the most intensive time of violence against women during the pandemic.

Tibia shaft fractures are common in all age groups. For these fractures; Conservative and surgical treatment methods are available. In surgical treatment, numerous surgical methods such as plate screw fixation, external fixator, and titanium elastic nail and K-wire fixation have been defined. The aim of the present study was to present the results of patients for whom external fixator combined with titanium elastic nails or titanium elastic nails alone were applied due to tibia shaft fractures. The study included 40 patients treated for tibia shaft fracture in our clinic between January 2016 and January 2019. Combined external fixator (EF) fixation was applied to patients who were found to be instable after Titanium elastic nail (TEN) application during the surgery. In clinical evaluation, Flynn classification, time to fracture union, fluoroscopy count, reoperation and time to full weight bearing were used. The results of patients for whom EF combined with TEN were applied were compared with the patients who had only TEN. Thirty patients were treated using TEN and 10 patients using EF combined with TEN. After 12 months of follow-ups, fracture union was achieved in all patients. There were 5% sagittal and 2.5% coronal plane angulation. Patients developed angular deformity of an average of 2.43 ± 1.9 degrees in the coronal plane and 2.65 ± 1.9 degrees in sagittal plane. Lower percentages of angular and rotational deformity were observed compared to the literature. Despite the disadvantages of using a greater number of fluoroscopy and longer operation periods in patients who underwent TEN+EF, these patients were mobilized earlier. It was concluded that combined EF application is a more feasible method in patients with pediatric tibia shaft fracture for whom stable fixation cannot be achieved with TEN.

In the present study, the purpose was to compare the postoperative early and mid-term results of Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy (ECEA) and Classical Carotid Endarterectomy (CCEA) techniques used in the surgical treatment of carotid artery disease. A total of 269 patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (105 ECEA and 164 CCEA) were included in the study. The 1st, 6th, and 12th-month follow-ups of 266 patients were performed because three patients died in the early postoperative period. All patients were started on acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, and statin treatment in the postoperative period. When the postoperative results were evaluated, it was found that the cross-clamp and operation times of the surgeries performed with the ECEA technique were shorter than the CCEA at statistically significant levels (p=0.0002). Although there statistically significant differences were detected in terms of bleeding/drainage, need for reoperation because of bleeding, and restenosis, ECEA had more positive results than CCEA, and there were no statistically and proportionally significant differences between the two methods in terms of postoperative stroke and mortality. Considering the experience of the surgical team, the use of the ECEA technique has more positive results in terms of operation time and cross-clamp time compared to CCEA. We think that extending the follow-up periods of patients in the postoperative period and conducting multicenter studies with more patients would be more accurate in comparing these two methods.

Trauma is a condition that affects the body’s structure and results from outside factors. After heart disease and cancer, it is the most common cause of death across all age categories. For a variety of causes, people are routinely exposed to traumatic vertebral, thoracic pathologies and rib fractures. Ribs can be harmed by simple falls, impacts, and blunt injuries as well as broken due to car accidents and falling from a height. Magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography are used to diagnose these fractures. In this study, non-linear complex methods were used to categorize gender and age by utilizing thoracic pathologies, fractures or cracks in the body as a result of traffic accidents or falling from a height, which have the feature of being a case in forensic issues. The most important data in the classification of gender and age were determined by Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS) method. Although autopsy should be utilized in these situations, complex regression methods is intended to have an impact on quick and accurate decision-making about events in order to speed up or direct the process in the field of forensic medicine. As a result, the effectiveness of the experts subsequent predictions will be increased by the preliminary findings produced by real-world data and artificial intelligence algorithms or complex non-linear regression problems.

The present study aimed to investigate the determinants of academic performance among third-year students in the Faculty of Medicine. A survey consisting of 45 questions was administered to 357 third-year students in the academic year 2017-2018, with a response rate of 233 participants. The academic achievement was assessed by evaluating the grade point average (GPA) scores, with a threshold of 3. The results revealed that several factors were significantly associated with a GPA score of 3 and above, including age (p=0.011), relationship with parents and positive parental attitude (p=0.001), staying with family (p=0.015), and school selection to “be a doctor” (p=0.044). The results also showed that negative parenting behaviors and smoking were associated with an increased risk of academic failure. However, no significant association was found between academic performance and gender, physical exercise, parents’ education, and employment status. This study highlights the crucial factors impacting academic achievement in medical education. The results demonstrate the importance of age, relationship with parents, parental attitude, reasons for choosing a medical school, smoking habits, and extracurricular activities in determining GPA outcomes. The findings have important implications for the future planning of students, the development of education, and the formulation of new policies.