Background: It is important to identify the factors that affect burnout and examining psychological resilience, which is thought to have a positive impact on burnout. Aim: This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the effects of psychological resilience and other factors on nurses’ burnout levels. Method: Data were collected between June and August 2020 using the snowball sampling method. The sample consisted of 275 nurses working in different facilities across our country. The data collection instruments used were the “Demographic Characteristics Form,” the “Brief Psychological Resilience Scale,” and the “Burnout Scale Short Form.” Data were analyzed with numbers, averages, percentages, and the structural equation model explaining the relationship between the observed/hidden variables. Results: The goodness-of-fit values of the revised model for estimating factors influencing burnout in the nursing population were acceptable (χ2 = 252.41, χ2/df = 2.25, NFI (Normed Fit Index) = 0.92, TLI (Tucker Leis Index) = 0.94, CFI (Comparative Fit Index) = 0.95, GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) = 0.90, AGFI (Adjustment Goodness of Fit Index) = 0.88, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) = 0.07, RMR (Root Mean Square Residual) = 0.14). Psychological resilience (t = −6.913; P < .001) in the model had 53% effect on burnout, while job satisfaction (t = −4.815; P < .001) had 31% effect. As can be seen, the level of “psychological resilience” and “job satisfaction” affected burnout in nurses by 59%. As the psychological resilience and job satisfaction levels of nurses increased, the burnout level decreased. However, the gender, age, marital status, family type, seniority, and educational status variables did not contribute significantly to the model. Conclusion: According to the model obtained from the study, it was found that psychological resilience and job satisfaction were variables that influenced burnout levels in the opposite direction. Efforts can be made to enhance the psychological resilience of nurses.