Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey

poyraz, ömer; Ataş, Mehmet

doi:10.5578/flora.20219917

Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey

Mehmet ATAŞ, (Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmasötik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Sivas, Türkiye)

Ömer POYRAZ (Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Sivas, Türkiye)

Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi

4 0

Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 163 - 171 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.5578/flora.20219917 İndeks Tarihi: 21-05-2021

Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey

Öz:

Introduction: Tularaemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. F. tularensis subsp. holarctica is primarily isolated in Northern Europe, the Balkans, Turkey, Siberia, and the Far East, and it is mostly responsible for waterborne outbreaks. F. tularensis, which is a facultative intracellular bacterium, may survive inside Acanthamoeba castellani, which is a free-living amoeba in water resources; this symbiotic life allows the bacteria to survive in water and mud for months. In this study, drinking water samples taken during the tularaemia outbreak and non-outbreak regions were compared in terms of the presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp., and the role of Acanthamoeba was investigated in tularemia outbreaks observed in Turkey.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the province of Sivas located in the central Anatolia region in Turkey, and a total of 300 water samples were used. Glucose-cysteine-blood agar (GCBA) and non-nutrient agar (NNA) were used for the isolation of F. tularensis and Acanthamoeba, respectively. Each isolate was identified by PCR technique.Results: A total of 30 (10%) F. tularensis and 28 (9.33%) Acanthamoeba spp. isolates were produced by culture method. All bac-terial strains were confirmed with PCR as to be F. tularensis subsp. holarctica. In our study, concurrent presence of F. tularensis and Acanthamoeba were detected in two water samples. There were no statistically significant differences between the water samples taken from outbreak and non-outbreak regions in terms of the presence of Acanthamoeba (p> 0.05).Conclusion: Even though experimental studies have shown that F. tularensis may survive inside Acanthamoeba spp. and its viability continues, our study could not identify a relationship between tularemia outbreak and Acanthamoeba spp. New research on this issue may have a contribution on tularemia epidemiology.

Anahtar Kelime:

Sivas İli İçme Sularında Francisella tularensis ve Acanthamoeba spp. Varlığının Araştırılması

Öz:

Giriş: Tularemi Francisella tularensis tarafından oluşturulan zoonotik bir hastalıktır. Çoğunlukla su kaynaklı salgınlardan sorumlu olan F. tularensis subsp. holarctica, başlıca Kuzey Avrupa, Balkanlar, Türkiye, Sibirya, Uzak Doğu’dan izole edilmektedir. Fakültatif bir hücre içi bakteri olan F. tularensis, su kaynaklarında serbest yaşayan bir amip olan Acanthamoeba castellani içinde yaşayabilir; bu simbiyotik yaşam, bakterilerin aylarca suda ve çamurda hayatta kalmalarını sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada tularemi salgını bölgelerinden ve salgın dışı bölgelerden alınan içme suyu, Francisella tularensis ve Acanthamoeba spp. varlığı açısından karşılaştırılmış ve Acanthamoeba’nın Türkiye’de gözlenen tularemi salgınlarındaki rolü araştırılmıştır.Materyal ve Metod: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de İç Anadolu bölgesindeki Sivas ilinde gerçekleştirildi ve toplam 300 su örneği kullanıldı. F. tularensis ve Acanthamoeba izolasyonu için sırasıyla glukozlu sisteinli kanlı agar (GSKA) ve besleyici değeri olmayan agar (BDA) kulla-nıldı. Her izolat PCR yöntemi ile tiplendirildi.Bulgular: Toplamda kültür yöntemi ile 30 (%10) F. tularensis ve 28 (%9.33) Acanthamoeba spp. izolatı üretildi. Tüm bakteriyel köken-lerin F. tularensis subsp. holarctica olduğu PCR ile doğrulandı. Çalışmamızda iki su örneğinde F. tularensis ve Acanthamoeba’nın aynı anda bulunduğu tespit edildi. Salgın görülen ve salgın görülmeyen bölgelerden alınan su örneklerinde Acanthamoeba varlığı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptanmadı (p> 0.05).Sonuç: Deneysel çalışmalar F. tularensis’in Acanthamoeba spp. içerisinde hayatta kalabileceğini ve yaşamını sürdürebileceğini gös-termesine rağmen çalışmamızda tularemi salgınları ve Acanthamoeba spp. arasında bir ilişki saptanmadı. Bu alanda yapılacak yeni araştırmalar tularemia epidemiyolojisine katkı yapabilir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Ellis J, Oyston PCF, Green M, Titbal RW. Tularemia. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15: 631-46.
2. Tarnvik A, Berglund L. Tularemia. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 361-73.
3. Mörner T. The ecology of tularemia. Rev Sci Tech 1992; 11: 1123-30.
4. Nigroviç LE, Wingerter SL. Tularemia. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008; 22; 489-504.
5. World Health Organisation. WHO Guidelines on Tularemia. WHO/CDS/EPR/2007.7. Geneva WHO; 2007.
6. Bıçakcı Z, Öztürk B. İki Yaşında Bir Çocuğa Sığır (İnek) Salyasından Tularemi Bulaşımı: Uzun Erimli İzlemi ile Vaka Sunumu. Çocuk Dergisi 2008; 8: 197-9.
7. Yeşilyurt M, Kılıç S, Çağaşar Ö, Çelebi B, Gül S. Yozgat İlinde Kene Kaynaklı İki Tularemi Olgusu. Mikrobiyol Bul 2011; 45: 746-754.
8. Kilic S, Birdsell DN, Karagöz A, Çelebi B, Bakkaloglu Z, Arikan M, et al. Water as source of Francisella tularensis infection in humans, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21: 2213-6.
9. Khan NA. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2006; 30: 564-95.
10. Visvesvara GS, Moura H, Schuster FL. Pathogenic and opportunistic free-livingamoebae: Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri and Sappinia diploidea. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007; 50: 1-26.
11. Greub G, Raoult D. Microorganisms Resistant to Free-Living Amoebae. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17: 413-33.
12. Kantardjiev T, Velinov T. Interaction between Protozoa and microorganisms of the Genus Francisella. Problems of Infectious Disease 1995; 22: 34-5.
13. Abd H, Johansson T, Golovliov I, Sandström G, Forsman M. Survival and growth of Francisella tularensis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69: 600-606.
14. El-Etr SH, Margolis JJ, Monack D, Robison RA, Cohen M, Moore E, Rasley A. Francisella tularensis type A strains cause the rapid encystment of Acanthamoeba castellanii and survive in amoebal cysts for three weeks postinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75: 7488-500.
15. Sjöstedt, A, Eriksson U, Berglund L, Törnvik A. Detection of Francisella tularensis in Ulcers of Patients with Tularemia by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1045-8.
16. Broekhuijsen M, Larsson P, Johansson A, Byström M, Eriksson U, Larsson, E, Prior RG, Sjöstedt A, Titball RW, Forsman M. Genome-Wide DNA Microarray Analysis of Francisella tularensis Strains Demonstrates Extensive Genetic Conservation within the Species but Identifies Regions That Are Unique to the Highly Virulent F. tularensis subsp. tularensis. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 2924-31.
17. Schroeder JM, Booton GC, Hay J, Niszl IA, Seal DV, Markus MB, Fuerst PA, Byers TJ. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1903-11.
18. Gotschlich E, Berkin T. 1936 yılında Trakya’da Tülaremiye ait yapılan epidemiyolojik ve bakteriyolojik araştırmalar. Türk Hij Tec Biol Derg 1938; 1: 115-23.
19. Kılıç S. A General Overview of Francisella tularensis and the Epidemiology of Tularemia in Turkey. FLORA 2010; 15: 37- 58.
20. Chitadze N, Kuchuloria T, Clark DV, Tsertsvadze E, Chokheli M, Tsertsvadze N, Trapaidze N, Lane A, Bakanidze L, Tsanava S, Hepburn MJ, Imnadze P. Water-Borne Outbreak of Oropharyngeal and Glandular Tularemia in Georgia:Investigation and Follow-up. Infection 2009; 37: 514-21.
21. Kantardjiev T, Ivanov I, Velinov T, Padeshki P, Popov B, Nenova R, Mincheff M. Tularemia Outbreak Bulgaria 1997- 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 678-80.
22. Simşek H, Taner M, Karadenizli A, Ertek M, Vahaboğlu H. Identification of Francisella tularensis by both culture and real-time TaqMan PCR methods from environmental water specimens in outbreak areas where tularemia cases were not previously reported. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31: 2353-7.
23. Broman T, Thelaus J, Andersson AC, Bäckman S, Wikström P, Larsson E, Granberg M, Karlsson L, Bäck E, Eliasson H, Mattsson R, Sjöstedt A, Forsman M. Molecular Detection of Persistent Francisella tularensis Subspecies holarctica in Natural Waters. Int J Microbiol 201; 2011. http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2011/851946
24. Dauphin LA, Walker RE, Petersen JM, Bowen MD. Comparative evaluation of automated and manual commercial DNA extraction methods for detection of Francisella tularensis DNA from suspensions and spiked swabs by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 70: 299-306.
25. Grunow R, Splettstoesser W, McDonald S, Otterbein C, O’Brien T, Morgan C, Aldrich J, Hofer E, Finke EJ, Meyer H. Detection of Francisella tularensis in Biological Specimens Using a Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, an Immunochromatographic Handheld Assay, and a PCR. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000; 7: 86-90.
26. Boost M, Cho P, Lai S, Sun WM. Detection of Acanthamoeba in Tap Water and Contact Lens Cases Using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Optom Vis Sci 2008; 85: 526-30.
27. Lorenzo-Morales J, Ortega-Rivas A, Foronda P, Martinez E, Valladares B. Isolation and identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain from water sources. Parasitol Res 2005; 95: 273-7.
28. Jeong HJ, Yu HS. The role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2005; 43: 47-50.
29. Winck MA, Caumo K, Rott MB. Prevalence of acanthamoeba from tap water in rio grande do Sul, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63: 464-9.
30. Kao PM, Hsu BM, Chen NH, Huang KH, Huang CC, Ji DD, Chen JS, Lin WC, Huang SW, Chiu YC. Molecular detection and comparison of Acanthamoeba genotypes in different functions of watersheds in Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess 2012; 184: 4335-44.
31. Badirzadeh A, Niyyati M, Babaei Z, Amini H, Badirzadeh H, Rezaeian M. Isolation of Free-Living Amoebae from Sarein Hot Springs in Ardebil Province, Iran. Iranian J Parasitol 2011; 6: 1-8.
32. Özçelik S, Coşkun K, Yünlü Ö, Alim A. Potansiyel Patojen Serbest Yaşayan Amip Türlerinin Çevresel Su Kaynaklarından İzolasyonu Yaygınlığı ve Morfotiplendirmesi, 17. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi ve Kafkasya ve Ortadoğu Paraziter Hastalıklar Sempozyumu Program ve Özet Kitabı, Kafkas Üniversitesi, 4-10 Eylül 2011; Kars, Türkiye.193.
33. Coşkun KA, Ozçelik S, Tutar L, Elaldı N, Tutar Y. Isolation and identification of free-living amoebae from tap water in Sivas, Turkey. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013.http://dx.doi. org/10.1155/2013/675145

APA	Ataş M, poyraz ö (2021). Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. , 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
Chicago	Ataş Mehmet,poyraz ömer Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. (2021): 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
MLA	Ataş Mehmet,poyraz ömer Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. , 2021, ss.163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
AMA	Ataş M,poyraz ö Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. . 2021; 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
Vancouver	Ataş M,poyraz ö Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. . 2021; 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
IEEE	Ataş M,poyraz ö "Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey." , ss.163 - 171, 2021. 10.5578/flora.20219917
ISNAD	Ataş, Mehmet - poyraz, ömer. "Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey". (2021), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.5578/flora.20219917

APA	Ataş M, poyraz ö (2021). Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 26(1), 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
Chicago	Ataş Mehmet,poyraz ömer Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 26, no.1 (2021): 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
MLA	Ataş Mehmet,poyraz ömer Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, vol.26, no.1, 2021, ss.163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
AMA	Ataş M,poyraz ö Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi. 2021; 26(1): 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
Vancouver	Ataş M,poyraz ö Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey. Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi. 2021; 26(1): 163 - 171. 10.5578/flora.20219917
IEEE	Ataş M,poyraz ö "Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey." Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 26, ss.163 - 171, 2021. 10.5578/flora.20219917
ISNAD	Ataş, Mehmet - poyraz, ömer. "Investigation of the Presence of Francisella tularensis and Acanthamoeba spp. in the Drinking Water of Sivas Province, Turkey". Flora İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi 26/1 (2021), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.5578/flora.20219917