Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 0 Sayı: 17 Sayfa Aralığı: 513 - 566 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.16947/fsmia.957122 İndeks Tarihi: 22-01-2022

A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience

Öz:
The spread of COVID-19 reached pandemic rates in a few weeks. People have turned to coping and religious coping styles as a result of the psychological effects of COVID-19. In this context, this study’s primary purpose is to reveal the relationship betweenfear of COVID-19, resilience, coping, and religious coping. In this article, where thequantitative research method was used, the relational screening design was adopted as theresearch design. Collected data were analyzed using correlation and structural equationmodeling. According to the findings, women, single people, people from low-income fa- milies, and people with chronic conditions are more afraid of COVID-19. Also, resiliencehas been found to play a mediating role in the negative relationship between task-orientedcoping and fear of COVID-19.
Anahtar Kelime:

Başa Çıkma ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Bağlamında COVID-19 Korkusu İçin Bir Baş Etme Modeli

Öz:
COVID-19’un yayılması birkaç hafta içinde salgın düzeyine ulaştı. İnsanlar COVID19›dan psikolojik olarak etkilendikleri için başa çıkma ve dini başa çıkma tarzlarınayöneldi. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın temel amacı COVID-19 korkusu, psikolojikdayanıklılık, başa çıkma ve dini başa çıkma arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Nicelaraştırma yönteminin tercih edildiği bu makalede, araştırma deseni olarak ilişkisel tarama deseni benimsenmiştir. Toplanan veriler, korelasyon ve yapısal eşitlik modellemesikullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, kadınlar, bekarlar, düşük gelirli insanlarve kronik rahatsızlığı olanlar COVID-19’dan daha çok korkmaktadır. Ayrıca, psikolojikdayanıklılığın, çözüm odaklı başa çıkma ile COVID-19 korkusu arasındaki olumsuz ilişkide arabulucu bir rol oynadığı bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Alsolais, Abdullelah – Alquwez, Nahed – Alotaibi, Khalaf Aied – Alqarni, Aidah Sanad – Almalki, Mohammed – Alsolami, Fatmah – Almazan, Joseph – Cruz, Jonas Preposi, “Risk Perceptions, Fear, Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Coping Among Saudi Nursing Students During The COVID-19 Pandemic”, Journal of Mental Health, 12 May 2021, (doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237 .2021.1922636)
  • Ahorsu, Daniel Kwasi - Lin, Chung-Ying - Imani, Vida - Saffari, Mohsen - Griffiths, Mark D. - Pakpour, Amir H., “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation”, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8)
  • Altundağ, Yunus, “Erken Dönem Covid-19 Pandemisinde Covid-19 Korkusu ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi, cilt 25, sayı 85, 2021.
  • Anderson, Suzanne M., Developing Resilience-The Danger and Opportunity of COVID-19 for International School Educators (Part 2), https://www.restorativecommunityconcepts.com/uploads/2/8/1/0/2810779/coping_-_article_3_ covid-19_final.pdf. 19 March 2020.
  • Arslan, Filiz - Ayas, Tuncay, “Din ve Psikoloji Eğitimi Alan Öğrencilerin Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Affedicilik Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Incelenmesi”, Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı 38, Aralık 2019.
  • Aydın, Betül - İmamoğlu, Seval, “Stresle Başa Çıkma Becerisi Geliştirmeye Yönelik Grup Çalışması”, Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, sayı 14, Aralık 2001..
  • Ayten, Ali – Yıldız, Refik, “Dindarlık, Hayat Memnuniyeti İlişkisinde Dinî Başa Çıkmanın Rolü Nedir? Emekliler Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Dinbilimleri Journal, cilt 16, sayı 1, 2016.
  • Bakioğlu, Fuad - Korkmaz, Ozan - Ercan, Hülya, “Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress”, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Mayıs 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y )
  • Baron, Reuben M. - Kenny, David A., “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 51, no. 6, 1986.
  • Baykal, Elif, “COVID-19 Bağlamında Psikolojik Dayanıklılık, Kaygı ve Yaşam Doyum İlişkisi”, International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, cilt 10, sayı 2, 2020.
  • Beasley, Margaret - Thompson, Ted - Davidson, John, “Resilience in Response to Life Stress: The Effects of Coping Style and Cognitive Hardiness”, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 34, 2003, (https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869(02)00027-2 )
  • Bentzen, Jeanet Sinding, “Acts of God? Religiosity and Natural Disasters Across Subnational World Districts” The Economic Journal, vol. 129, no. 622, 2019, (https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez008)
  • Bentzen, Jeanet Sinding, “In Crisis, We Pray: Religiosity and the COVID-19 Pandemic”, CEPR Discussion Papers, 2020.
  • Billings, Andrew G. - Moos, Rudolf H., “Coping, Stress and Social Resources Among Adults with Unipolar Depression”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 46, no. 4, 1984, (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022- 3514.46.4.877 )
  • Bonanno, George A., “Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?”, American Psychologist, vol. 59, no. 1, 2004, (https://psycnet.apa.org/ doi/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20 )
  • Bonanno, George A. - Wortman, Camille B. - Nesse, Randolph M., “Prospective Patterns of Resilience and Maladjustment During Widowhood”, Psychology and Aging, vol. 19, 2004, (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0882- 7974.19.2.260)
  • Bonanno, George A. - Kennedy, Paul - Galatzer-Levy, Isaac R. - Lude, Peter - Elfström, Mangus L., “Trajectories of Resilience, Depression, and Anxiety Following Spinal Cord Injury”, Rehabilitation Psychology, vol. 57, 2012, (https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0029256 )
  • Boysan, Murat, “Validity of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations-Short Form (CISS-21) in A Non-Clinical Turkish Sample”, Düşünen Adam-The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, cilt 25, sayı 2, 2012, (https://dx.doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2012250201)
  • Brooks, Samantha K. - Webster, Rebecca K. - Smith, Louise E. - Woodland, Lisa - Wessely, Simon - Greenberg, Neil - Rubin, Gideon James, “The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of The Evi- dence”, The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10227, March 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30460-8)
  • Brousse, Georges - Arnaud, Benjamin - Roger, Jordane Durand - Geneste, Julie - Bourguet, Delphine - Zaplana, Frederic – Blanc, Olivier – Jeannot, Schmid - Jehel, Louis, “Management of Traumatic Events: Influence of Emotion-Centered Coping Strategies on The Occurrence of Dissociation and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, vol. 7, 2011, (https://dx.doi. org/10.2147%2FNDT.S17130)
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener, Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara, Pegem Akademi, 2012.
  • Cal, Silvia Fernanda - de Sá, Lis Ribeiro - Glustak, Maria Eugenia - Santiago, Mittermayer Barreto, “Resilience in Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review”, Cogent Psychology, vol. 2, no. 1, April 2015, 1024928, (https://doi.org/10 .1080/23311908.2015.1024928)
  • Cao, Wenjun - Fang, Ziwei - Hou, Guoqiang - Han, Mei - Xu, Xinrong - Dong, Jiaxin - Zheng, Jianzhong, “The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China”, Psychiatry Research, vol. 287, May 2020, 112934, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934)
  • Carver, Charles. S. - Scheier, Michael F. - Weintraub, Jagdish. K., “Assessing Coping Strategies: A Theoretically Based Approach”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 56, 1989, (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022- 3514.56.2.267)
  • Connor, Kathryn M. – Davidson, Jonathan R. T. – Lee, Li-Ching, “Spirituality, Resilience, and Anger in Survivors of Violent Trauma: A Community Survey”, Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 16, 2003.
  • Connor, Kathryn M. - Zhang, Wei, “Recent Advances in The Understanding and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Resilience: Determinants, Measurement, and Treatment Responsiveness”, CNS Spectrums, 11, 2006, (https://doi. org/10.1017/S1092852900025797)
  • Coşkun, Recai - Altunışık, Remzi - Yıldırım, Engin, Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı, İstanbul, Sakarya Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Creswell, John W., Araştırma deseni: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları, çev. ed. Selçuk Beşir Demir, Ankara, Eğiten Kitap, 2014.
  • Çetin, Cemile – Anuk, Özlem, “COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Yalnızlık ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık: Bir Kamu Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Örneklemi”, Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt 7, sayı 5, 2020.
  • Dalkılıç, Mehmet – Temel, Veysel, “Ergenlerde Öfke İfade Tarzları”, V. International Congress on Natural and Health Sciences (ICNHS-2019), 2019.
  • Davydov, Dmitry M. - Stewart, Robert - Ritchie, Karen - Chaudieu, Isabelle, “Resilience and mental health”, Clinical Psychology Review, vol. 30, 2010, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003)
  • Djalante, Riyanti - Lassa, Jonatan - Setiamarga, Davin - Sudjatma, Aruminingsih - Indrawan, Mochamad – Haryanto, Budi – Mahfud, Choirul – Sinapoy, Muhammad Sabaruddin – Djalante, Susanti – Rafliana, Irina – Gunawan, Lali Adu – Surtiari, Gusti Ayu, Ketut – Warsilah, Henny, “Review and Analysis of Current Responses To COVID-19 In Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020”, Progress in Disaster Science, vol. 6, 2020, 100091, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091)
  • Doğan, Tayfun, “Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, cilt 3, sayı 1, 2015.
  • Duan, Li - Zhu, Gang, “Psychological Interventions for People Affected by the COVID-19 Epidemic”, The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 7, no. 4, 2020.
  • Ekşi, Halil, “Başaçıkma, Dinî Başaçıkma ve Ruh Sağlığı Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Eğitim, Ilâhiyat ve Mühendislik Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Karşılaştırılması”, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, 2001.
  • Endler, Normen S. - Parker, James D. A., Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS): Manual, Toronto, Multi-Health Systems Incorporated, 1990.
  • Endler, Normen S. “State and Trait Anxiety, Depression and Coping Styles”, Australian Journal of Psychology, vol. 42, no. 2, 1990.
  • Erdoğdu, Yeşim - Koçoğlu, Filiz - Sevim, Celil, “COVID-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Anksiyete ile Umutsuzluk Düzeylerinin Psikososyal ve Demografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi”, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, vol. 23, 2020, (doi: 10.5505/kpd.2020.35403)
  • Eryücel, Sema, “Dini Yönelim ve Başa Çıkma”, Turkish Studies, cilt 13, sayı 2, 2018.
  • Folkman, Susan - Moskowitz, Judith Tedlie, “Coping: Pitfalls and Promise”, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 55, 2004, (https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. psych.55.090902.141456)
  • Frankl, Victor Emile, Duyulmayan Anlam Çığlığı, çev. Selçuk Budak, Ankara, Öteki Yayınevi, 1994.
  • Gao, Wenbin - Chen, Zhiyan - Wang, Yiniu, “Analysis on The Influence and Change Trend of Public Mentality During Sars Epidemic”, Chinese Mental Health Journal, vol. 17, no. 9, 2003.
  • Garfin, Dana Rose - Silver, Roxane Cohen - Holman, E. Alison, “The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) Outbreak: Amplification of Public Health Consequences by Media Exposure”, Health Psychology, vol. 39, no. 5, 2020, (http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875)
  • Gerhold, Lars, COVID-19: Risk perception and coping strategies, March 2020, (https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xmpk4)
  • Gilbar, Ora - HevroniI, Avi, “Counterfactuals, Coping Strategies and Psychological Distress Among Breast Cancer Patients” Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, vol. 20, no. 4, 2007, (https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701384439)
  • Goyal, Kapil - Chauhan, Poonam - Chhikara, Komal - Gupta, Parakriti - Singh, Mini P., “Fear of COVID 2019: First Suicidal Case in India”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 49, 2020, e101989, (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj. ajp.2020.101989)
  • Gül, Ahmet - Gül, Hesna – Erberk-Özen, Nurper - Battal, Salih, “Major Depresyon Hastalarında Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ve Başa Çıkma Tutumlarının Cinsiyete Özgü Farklılıkları”, Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, cilt 28, sayı 4, 2017, (doi: 10.5080/u18193)
  • Haktanır, Abdulkadir – Seki, Tolga - Dilmaç, Bülent, “Adaptation and Evaluation of Turkish Version of The Fear of COVID-19 Scale”, Death Studies, 29 May 2020, (doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026)
  • Heijmans, Monique, “The Role of Patients’ Illness Representations in Coping and Functioning with Addison’s Disease”, British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 4, no. 2, 1999.
  • Herman, Judith Lewis, “Trauma and Recovery”, The Aftermath of Violence-From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (Chapter 3), Hachette, UK, 2015.
  • Higgins, June E. - Endler, Norman S., “Coping, Life Stress, and Psychological and Somatic Distress”, European Journal of Personality, vol. 9, 1995, (https:// doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090403)
  • Ho, Cyrus. S. H. - Chee, Cornelia Y. I. - Ho, Roger. C. M., “Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact Of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic”, Annnals Academy Medicine, Singapore, vol. 49, no. 1, 2020.
  • Holahan, Charles J. - Moos, Rudolf H. - Holahan, Carole K. - Brennan, Penny L. - Schutte, Kathleen K., “Stress Generation, Avoidance Coping, and Depressive Symptoms: A 10-Year Model”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 73, no. 4, 2005, (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022- 006X.73.4.658)
  • Horesh, Danny - Brown, Adam. D., “Traumatic Stress in The Age Of COVID-19: A Call to Close Critical Gaps and Adapt to New Realities”, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, vol. 12, no. 4, 2020.
  • Huang, Long - Lei, Wansheng - Xu, Fuming - Liu, Hairong - Yu, Liang, “Emotional Responses and Coping Strategies in Nurses And Nursing Students During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Comparative Study”, PLoS ONE, vol. 15, no. 8, 2020, e0237303, (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0237303)
  • Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, “The More I Fear About COVID-19, The More I Wear Medical Masks: A Survey on Risk Perception and Medical Masks Uses”, medRxiv, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.26.20044388)
  • Hvidtjørn, Dorte - Hjelmborg, Jacob - Skytthe, Axel - Christensen, Kaare - Hvidt, Niels Christian, “Religiousness and Religious Coping In A Secular Society: The Gender Perspective”, Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 53, no. 5, 2014, (https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-013-9724-z)
  • Inchausti, Felix - MacBeth, Angus - Hasson-Ohayon, Ilanit - Dimaggio, Giancarlo, “Psychological Intervention and COVID-19: What We Know So Far and What We Can Do”, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 2020, (https://dx. doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10879-020-09460-w)
  • Istratii, R., Restricting Religious Practice in The Era Of COVID-19: A De-Westernised Perspective on Religious Freedom with Reference to The Case of Greece, 15 April 2020, (https://politicaltheology.com/restricting-religious-practice-in-the-era-of-covid-19-a-de-westernised-perspective-on-religious-freedomwith-reference-to-the-case-of-greece/)
  • Karagöz, Yalçın, SPSS 23 ve AMOS 23 Uygulamalı Istatistiksel Analizler, Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2016.
  • Karaırmak, Özlem, “Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Risk Faktörleri ve Koruyucu Faktörler”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, cilt 3, sayı 26, 2006.
  • Karaırmak, Özlem - Siviş-Çetinkaya, Rahşan, “Benlik Saygısının ve Denetim Odağının Psikolojik Sağlamlık Üzerine Etkisi: Duyguların Aracı Rolü”, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, cilt 4, sayı 35, 2011.
  • Karakaş, Ahmet Canan - Koç, Mustafa, “Stresle Başa Çıkma ve Dini Başa Çıkma Yöntemleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi”, Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches, cilt 3, sayı 3, 2014, (https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.88954)
  • Karaman, Mehmet Akif – Kumaran, Ajitha Chandrika – Haktanir Abdulkadir - Lenz, Stephen, “Predictors of Counselor-in-Training Students’ General Self-Efficacy”, Akdeniz Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt 12, sayı 25, (doi:10.29329/ mjer.2018.153.8.)
  • Kim, Hyun-Chung - Yoo, So-Young - Lee, Bun-Hee - Lee, So Hee - Shin, Hyoung-Shik, “Psychiatric Findings in Suspected and Confirmed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Patients Quarantined in Hospital: A Retrospective Chart Analysis”, Psychiatry investigation, vol. 15, no. 4, 2018, (https://dx.doi. org/10.30773%2Fpi.2017.10.25.1)
  • Kim, Sung-Wan - Su, Kuan-Pin, “Using Psychoneuroimmunity Against COVID-19”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j. bbi.2020.03.025)
  • Knibb, Rebecca C. - Horton, S. L., “Can Illness Perceptions and Coping Predict Psychological Distress Amongst Allergy Sufferers?”, British Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 13, no. 1, 2008, (https://doi.org/10.1348/135910706X173278)
  • Kobasa, Suzanne. C. - Puccetti, Mark. C., “Personality and Social Resources in Stress Resistance”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 45, no. 4, 1983.
  • Konkan, Ramazan - Erkuş, Gizem Hanzade - Güçlü, Oya - Şenormancı, Ömer - Aydın, Erkan - Ülgen, Mine Cansu - Sungur, Mehmet Zihni, “İntihar Girişiminde Bulunan Kişilerde Başa Çıkma Tutumları”, Archives of Neuropsychiatry/Noropsikiatri Arsivi, cilt 51, sayı 1, 2014, (doi: 10.4274/npa.y6578)
  • Kula, Naci, “İstenmedik ve Beklenmedik Olaylarla Karşılaşan Bireylere Yönelik Moral ve Manevî Desteğin Önemi (Deprem ve Bedensel Engellilik Örneği)”, Din Bilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, cilt 6, sayı 3, 2006.
  • Ladikli, Nefise - Bahadır, Erdi – Yumuşak, Fatıma Nurefşan – Akkuzu, Hüdanur – Karaman, Gülşen – Türkkan, Zeynep, “Kovid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması”, International Journal of Social Science, cilt 3, sayı 2, 2020.
  • Lazarus, Richard S., “Theory-based Stress Measurement”, Psychological Inquiry, vol 1, no. 1, 1990, (https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0101_1)
  • Lazarus, Richard S., “Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future”, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 55, 1993.
  • Lazarus, Richard S. - Folkman, Susan, Stress, appraisal and coping, New York, Pringer, 1984.
  • Lee, Hei-Sung - Brown, Stephen L. - Mitchell, Mary M. - Schiraldi, Gleen. R., “Correlates of Resilience in The Face of Adversity for Korean Women Immigrating to The U.S.”, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, vol. 10, 2008, (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-007-9104-4)
  • Lee, Sherman A. - Mathis, Amanda A. - Jobe, Mary C. - Pappalardo, Emily. A., “Clinically Significant Fear and Anxiety Of COVID-19: A Psychometric Examination of The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale”, Psychiatry Research, 2020, 113112, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113112)
  • Lewis, Christopher Alan - Maltby, John - Day, Liz, “Religious Orientation, Religious Coping and Happiness Among UK Adults”, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 38, no. 5, 2005, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.002)
  • Li, Sijia - Wang, Yilin - Xue, Jia - Zhao, Nan - Zhu, Tingshao, “The Impact Of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active WEIBO Users”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 6, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032)
  • Li, Juan - Wang, Ting - Wang, Jinwen, “Research on The Relationship Between College Students’ Psychological Resilience and Coping Style Under the Perspective Of Positive Psychology”, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 321, 2019, (https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ mmetss-19.2019.49)
  • Liu, Shuai - Yang, Lulu - Zhang, Chenxi - Xiang, Yu-Tao - Liu, Zhongchun. - Hu, Shaouha - Zhang, Bin, “Online Mental Health Services in China During The COVID-19 Outbreak”, The Lancet Psychiatry, vol. 7, no. 4, 2020, (https://doi. org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30077-8)
  • Maltby, John – Day, Liza, “Religious Orientation, Religious Coping and Appraisals of Stress: Assessing Primary Appraisal Factors in The Relationship Between Religiosity and Psychological Well-Being”, Personality and Individual Differences vol. 34, 2003.
  • Mamun, Mohammed A. - Griffiths, Mark D., “First COVID-19 Suicide Case in Bangladesh Due to Fear Of COVID-19 And Xenophobia: Possible Suicide Prevention Strategies”, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 51, 2020, 102073, (https:// dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102073)
  • Masten, Ann. S. - Coastworth, J. Douglas, “The Development of Competence in Favorable and Unfavorable Environments: Lessons from Research on Successful Children”, American Psychologist, vol. 53, no. 2, 1998, (https://psycnet. apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205)
  • Matud, M. Pilar, “Gender differences in stress and coping styles”, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 37, no. 7, 2004, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j. paid.2004.01.010)
  • McIntire, Laura – Duncan, Renae, “Associations Among Religious Coping, Daily Hassles, and Resilience”, Archive for the Psychology of Religion vol. 35, no. 1, 2013.
  • Mertens, Gaetan - Gerritsen, Lotte - Duijndam, Stefanie - Salemink, Elske - Engelhard, Iris M., “Fear of The Coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in An Online Study Conducted in March 2020”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2020, 102258, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258)
  • Montemurro, Nicola, “The Emotional Impact of COVID-19: From Medical Staff to Common People”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020, (https://dx.doi. org/10.1016%2Fj.bbi.2020.03.032)
  • Morens, David M. - Fauci, Anthoney. S., “Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability”, PLoS Pathogens, vol. 9, no. 7, 2013.
  • Morris, Charles G., Psikolojiyi anlamak (Psikolojiye giriş), çev. H. Belgin Ayvaşık - Melike Sayıl, Ankara, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, 2002. Ozbay, Fatih - Johnson, Douglas C. - Dimoulas, Eleni - Morgan, C. A. - Charney, Dennis - Southwick, Stewan, “Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice”, Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.: Township)), vol. 4, no. 5, 2007.
  • Qian, Mengcen - Wu, Qianhui - Wu, Peng - Hou, Zhiyuan - Liang, Yuxia - Cowling, Benjamin J. - Yu, Hongjie, “Psychological responses, behavioral changes and public perceptions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China: A population-based cross-sectional survey.”, medRxiv, 2020, (doi: 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024448)
  • Qiu, Jianyin - Shen, Bin - Zhao, Min - Wang, Zhen - Xie, Bin - Xu, Yifeng, “A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress Among Chinese People in the COVID-19 Epidemic: İmplications And Policy Recommendations”, General psychiatry, vol. 33, no. 2, 2020, e100213corr1, (https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fgpsych-2020-100213)
  • Pakpour, Amir. H. - Griffiths, Mark D., “The fear of COVID-19 and its Role in Preventive Behaviors”, Journal of Concurrent Disorders, vol. 2, no. 1, 2020. Pappas, Georgios, - Kiriaze, Ismene J. - Giannakis, P. - Falagas, Matthew E., “Psychosocial Consequences of Infectious Diseases”, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 15, no. 8, 2009, (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469- 0691.2009.02947.x)
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I., “The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice”, New York, The Guilford Press, 1997.
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I. – Falb, Melissa D. - Ano, Gene G. - Wachholtz, Amy, B., “The Religious Dimension of Coping: Advances in Theory, Research, And Practice”, Handbook of The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian - Crystal L. Park, The Guilford Press, 2005.
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I. - Brant, Curtis R., “Religion and coping”, Handbook of religion and mental health, ed. Harold G. Koenig, San Diego, Academic Press, 1998.
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I. - Smith, Bruce W. - Koenig, Herold. G. - Perez, Lisa, “Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Major Life Stressors”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1998. (https://doi. org/10.2307/1388152)
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I., Koenig, Herold G. - Perez, Lisa, “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of The RCOPE”, Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 56, no. 4, 2000, (https://doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4%3C519::AID-JCLP6%3E3.0.CO;2-1)
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I. - Park, Crystal L., “Merely A Defense? The Variety of Religious Means and Ends”, Journal of Social Issues, vol. 51, 1995, (https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01321.x)
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I. - Tarakeshwar, Nalini - Ellison, Christopher. G. - Wulf, Keith M., “Religious Coping Among the Religious: The Relationships Between Religious Coping and Well-Being in A National Sample of Presbyterian Clergy, Elders, And Members”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, vol. 40, 2001, (https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00073)
  • Pargament, Kenneth. I. - Zinnbauer, Brian J. - Scott, Allie B. - Butter, Eric M. - Zerowin, Jill - Stanik, Patricia, “Red Flags and Religious Coping: Identifying Some Religious Warning Signs Among People in Crisis”, Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol. 59, no. 12, 2003.
  • Pirutinsky, Steven - Cherniak, Aaron D. - Rosmarin, David H, “COVID-19, Mental Health, and Religious Coping Among American Orthodox Jews”, Journal of Religion of the Health, vol. 59, 2020, (doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943- 020-01070-z)
  • Plutchik, Robert, “A General Psychoevolutionary Theory of Emotion”, Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience: Vol 1. Theories of Emotion, eds. Robert Plutchik - Hanry Kellerman, New York, Academic, 1980.
  • Polizzi, Craig - Lynn, Steven Jay - Perry, Andrew, “Stress and Coping in The Time Of COVID-19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery”, Clinical Neuropsychiatry, vol. 17, no. 2, 2020.
  • Reardon, Sara, “Ebola’s Mental-Health Wounds Linger in Africa”,Nature News, vol. 519, no. 7541, 2015.
  • Remuzzi, Andrea - Remuzzi, Giuseppe, “COVID-19 and Italy: What Next?”, The Lancet, vol. 395, 2020.
  • Rutter, Michael - Quinton, David, “Long-Term Follow-Up of Women Institutionalized in Childhood: Factors Promoting Good Functioning in Adult Life”, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, vol. 18, 1984, (https://doi. org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1984.tb00925.x)
  • Scali, Jacqueline - Gandubert, Catherine - Ritchie, Karen - Soulier, Maryvonne - Ancelin, Marie-Laure - Chaudieu, Isabelle, “Measuring Resilience in Adult Women Using The 10-Items Connordavidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Role of Trauma Exposure and Anxiety Disorders”, PloS One, vol. 7, 2012, (https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039879)
  • Schnider, Kimberly R. - Elhai Jon D. - Gray, Matt J., “Coping Style Use Predicts Posttraumatic Stress and Complicated Grief Symptom Severity Among College Students Reporting A Traumatic Loss”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 54, no. 3, 2007, (https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.344)
  • Seligman, Martin E. P. - Csikzentmihalyi, Mihaly, “Positive Psychology: An Introduction”, American Psychologist, vol. 55, 2000.
  • Seltzer, Marsha Mailick - Greenberg, Jan S. - Krauss, Marty Wyngaarden, “A Comparison of Coping Strategies of Aging Mothers of Adults with Mental Illness or Mental Retardation”, Psychology and Aging, vol. 10, no. 1, 1995, (https:// psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0882-7974.10.1.64)
  • Sexton, Minden B. - Byrd Michelle R. - von Kluge Silvia, “Measuring Resilience in Women Experiencing Infertility Using The CD-RISC: Exam- ining Infertility-Related Stress, General Distress, And Coping Styles”, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 44, 2010, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.06.007)
  • Shigemura, Jun - Ursano, Robert J. - Morganstein, Joshua C. - Kurosawa, Mie - Benedek, David M., “Public Responses to The Novel 2019 Coronavirus (2019-Ncov) In Japan: Mental Health Consequences and Target Populations”, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2020, (doi: 10.1111/pcn.12988), [Epub ahead of print]
  • Shin, Lisa M. - Liberzon, Israel, “The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders”, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 35, 2010.
  • Simione, Luca - Gnagnarella, Camilla, “Differences Between Health Workers and General Population in Risk Perception, Behaviors, and Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 Spread in Italy”, Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 11, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166)
  • Skalisky, Jordan - Wanner, Scott - Howe, Bradford - Mauseth, Kira, “Religious Coping, Resilience, and İnvoluntary Displacement: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of The Experience of Syrian and Palestinian Refugees in Jordan”, Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Advance Online Publication, 2020, (https:// doi.org/10.1037/rel0000390)
  • Smith, Martin M. - Saklofske, Donald H. - Keefer, Kateryna V. - Tremblay, Paul F., “Coping Strategies and Psychological Outcomes: The Moderating Effects of Personal Resiliency”, The Journal of Psychology, vol. 150, no. 3, 2016, (https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2015.1036828)
  • Sobel, Michael E., “Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models”, Sociological Methodology, ed. S. Leinhardt, Washington DC, American Sociological Association, 1982.
  • Soderstrom, Mike - Dolbier, Christyn - Leiferman, Jenn - Steinhardt, Mary, “The Relationship of Hardiness, Coping Strategies, and Perceived Stress to Symptoms Of Illness”, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, vol. 23, 2000.
  • Spulber, Diana, “Coping and Resilience in Life-Long Learning and Ageing: New Challenges”, Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 2019, (Doi: 10.2478/gssfj-2019-0009)
  • Stankovska, Gordana - Memedı, Imran - Dimitrovski, Dimitar, “Coronavirus COVID-19 Disease, Mental Health, and Psychosocial Support”, Society Register, vol. 4, no. 2, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.2.03)
  • Stilley, Carol S. - DiMartini, Andrea F. - de Vera, Michael E. - Flynn, William B. - King, Jennifer - Sereika, Susan – Tarter, Ralph E. – Dew, Mary Amanda - Rathnamala, Geetha, “Individual and Environmental Correlates and Predictors of Early Adherence and Outcomes After Liver Transplantation”, Progress in Transplantation, vol. 20, no. 1, 2010, (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F152692481002000110)
  • Sun, Luna - Sun, Zhuoer - Wu, Lili - Zhu, Zhenwen - Zhang, Fan - Shang, Zhilei - Jia, Yanpu - Gu, Jingwen - Zhou, Yaoguang - Wang, Yan - Liu, Nianqi - Liu, Weizhi, “Prevalence and Risk Factors of Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms During The COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China”, medRxiv, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.06.20032425)
  • Şeker, Tuba – Yıldırım, Yavuz Tansoy, “Çalışanlarda Tükenmişlik ve Sanal Kaytarma Davranışları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Enerji Sektöründe Bir Araştırma”, Uygulamalı Ekonomi ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, cilt 1, sayı 2, 2019. Şentepe, Ayşe, “Yaşlılık Döneminde Dini Başaçıkma”, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, cilt 4, sayı 1, 2015.
  • Tabachnick, Barbara G. - Fidell, Linda S., “Components and Factor Analysis”, Using Multivariate Statistics, vol. 4, 2001.
  • Taylor, Shelly. E. - Peplau Letitia. A. - Sears, David O., Sosyal psikoloji, çev. Ali Dönmez, Ankara, İmge Kitabevi, 2010.
  • Topalidou, Anastasia - Thomson, Gill - Downe, Soo, “COVID-19 And Maternal Mental Health: Are We Getting the Balance Right?”, medRxiv, 2020, (https:// doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047969)
  • Tugade, Michele M. - Frederickson, Barbara L., “Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 86, no. 2, 2004, (https://psycnet. apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320)
  • Tunç-Aksan, Aygül, - Gizir, Cem Ali, “Meme Kanseri Tanısı Almış Kadınların Hastalık Temsilleri ve Başa Çıkma Tarzları ile Kaygı ve Depresyon Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi”, Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, cilt 9, sayı 54, 2019.
  • Tutal, Varol – Efe, Mehmet, “Bireylerin Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Covid-19 Korkularının Çeşitli Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi”, Journal of International Social Research, vol. 13, no. 74, 2020.
  • Yıldız-Türker, Nesrin, “Yetişkinlerde Dindarlık ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ilişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa, 2018. Ungar, Michael, “Resilience Across Cultures”, British Journal of Social Work, vol. 38, no. 2, 2008, (https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl343)
  • Yıldız-Türker, Nesrin, “Resilience, Trauma, Context, and Culture”, Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, vol. 14, no. 3, 2013, (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1524838013487805)
  • Uysal, Veysel – Kaya-Göktepe, Ayşe – Karagöz, Sema – İlerisoy, Melike, “Dinî Başa Çıkma ile Umut, Hayat Memnuniyeti ve Psikolojik Sağlamlık Arasındaki Etkileşim Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, cilt 52, sayı 52, 2017, (doi: https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.333535)
  • Van Bavel, Jay. J. - Baicker, Katherine - Boggio, Paulo. S. - Capraro, Valerio - Cichocka, Aleksandra - Cikara, Mina - ... – Willer, Robb, “Using Social and Behavioural Science to Support Covıd-19 Pandemic Response”, Nature Human Behavior, vol. 4, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z)
  • Yanyu, Jiang - Xi, Yang - Huiqi, Tong - Bangjiang, Fang - Bin, Li - Yabin, Gong – Xin, Ma – Junhua, Zheng – Zhitao, Yang – Xiaoyun, Chen – Changsheng, Dong – Yanmei, Zhang – Jianguang, Xu - Lijun, Jia, “Meditation-Based Interventions Might Be Helpful for Coping with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)”, 2020, (https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/f3xzq)
  • Yapıcı, Asım, Ruh Sağlığı ve Din Psiko-Sosyal Uyum ve Dindarlık, Adana, Karahan Kitabevi, 2007.
  • Yu, Hua - Li, Mingli - Li, Zhxiong - Xiang, Weiyi - Yuan, Yiwen - Liu, Yaya – Li, Zhe - Xiong, Zhenzhen, “Coping Style, Social Support, and Psychological Distress in The General Chinese Population in The Early Stages of the COVID-2019 Epidemic”, April 2020, (https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-20397/v2)
  • Wang, Cuiyan - Pan, Riyu - Wan, Xiaoyang - Tan, Yilin - Xu, Linkang - Ho, Cyrus S. - Ho, Roger C., “Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic Among the General Population in China”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 5, 2020, (https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph17051729)
  • Werner, Emmy E. - Smith, Ruth S., Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
  • World Health Organization, Statement on The Second Meeting of The International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-Ncov), 30 January 2020, (https://www.who. int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-in- ternational-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-Nov)
  • Xiao, Chunfeng, “A Novel Approach of Consultation On 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)-Related Psychological and Mental Problems: Structured Letter Therapy”, Psychiatry Investigation, vol. 17, no. 2, 2020, (doi: https://dx. doi.org/10.30773%2Fpi.2020.0047)
  • Zheng, Wei, “Mental Health and A Novel Coronavirus (2019-Ncov) in China”, Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 269, 2020, (doi: https://dx.doi. org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2020.03.041)
APA GÖKMEN A, Toprak Y, sami s (2021). A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. , 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
Chicago GÖKMEN AYŞE,Toprak Yasin,sami said A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. (2021): 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
MLA GÖKMEN AYŞE,Toprak Yasin,sami said A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. , 2021, ss.513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
AMA GÖKMEN A,Toprak Y,sami s A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. . 2021; 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
Vancouver GÖKMEN A,Toprak Y,sami s A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. . 2021; 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
IEEE GÖKMEN A,Toprak Y,sami s "A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience." , ss.513 - 566, 2021. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
ISNAD GÖKMEN, AYŞE vd. "A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience". (2021), 513-566. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.957122
APA GÖKMEN A, Toprak Y, sami s (2021). A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi, 0(17), 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
Chicago GÖKMEN AYŞE,Toprak Yasin,sami said A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi 0, no.17 (2021): 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
MLA GÖKMEN AYŞE,Toprak Yasin,sami said A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi, vol.0, no.17, 2021, ss.513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
AMA GÖKMEN A,Toprak Y,sami s A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi. 2021; 0(17): 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
Vancouver GÖKMEN A,Toprak Y,sami s A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience. FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi. 2021; 0(17): 513 - 566. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
IEEE GÖKMEN A,Toprak Y,sami s "A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience." FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi, 0, ss.513 - 566, 2021. 10.16947/fsmia.957122
ISNAD GÖKMEN, AYŞE vd. "A Coping Model for the Fear of COVID-19 in theContext of Coping and Psychological Resilience". FSM İlmi Araştırmalar İnsan ve Toplum Bilimler Dergisi 17 (2021), 513-566. https://doi.org/10.16947/fsmia.957122