Umumi Müfettişlikler Osmanlı Devleti’nin idari sisteminde 19. yüzyılın sonlarında yer almıştır. Bu dönemde kurulan Umumi Müfettişlikler kuruldukları bölgelerde yapılan ıslahatları denetlemek, asayişi sağlamak, idari, adli, sosyal ve ekonomik alanlarda çalışmalar yapmak amacıyla kurulmuştur. Umumi Müfettişlikler Milli Mücadele döneminde Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 1921 yılında kabul edilen Teşkilat-ı Esasiye Kanunu’nda da yer almıştır. Ancak Milli Mücadele’nin devam ettiği o günkü şartlarda uygulanamamıştır. Cumhuriyetin ilanından sonra 25 Haziran 1927 tarihinde Umumi Müfettişlik Teşkiline Dair Kanun’un kabul edilmesiyle Umumi Müfettişlikler kurularak uygulamaya konulmuştur. 1927-1947 yılları arasında beş Umumi Müfettişlik kurulmuştur. Doğu Anadolu’da Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliğinin kurulmasında Başbakan İsmet İnönü’nün 1935 yılında Doğu Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgesi’ne yaptığı gezi etkili olmuştur. İsmet İnönü’nü doğu gezisi sonrasında hazırladığı rapor göz önüne alınarak bölgede var olan sorunların yerinde tespiti ve çözümünü kolaylaştırmak amacıyla bölgede Umumi Müfettişlik kurulması kararı alınmıştır. Buna göre 23 Ağustos 1935 tarihinde Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliği kurulmuş ve müfettiş olarak Tahsin Uzer atanmıştır. Bu makalede Üçüncü Umumi Müfettişliğinin kurulması ve Üçüncü Umum Müfettişi Tahsin Uzer’in Iğdır ile ilgili yaptığı çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada arşiv belgelerinden, ulusal ve yerel basından ve konu ile ilgili araştırma eserlerinden faydalanılmıştır.

This study aimed to investigate the nexus between personal values and consumption values towards consumers' preferences for fresh fish. A cross-sectional data of 300 respondents was selected using a multi-stage random sampling procedure. A well-structured questionnaire and personal interview were used to collect data from the respondents. Factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis were conducted to achieve the study’s objectives. Findings showed that females (67.5%) were the majority of respondents, household size ranged between 4-6 persons, and many (76.7%) were married. The mean age was 41 years, and 83.3% were formally educated. The relationship between personal values and consumption values was positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. The study revealed that variables like benevolence, security and self-direction were strongly correlated with emotional and functional values of the first canonical covariates. The study concludes that high benevolence, security and self-direction evoke high emotional and functional values when consumers buy fresh fish. Based on these findings, the study recommends that fresh fish marketers should pay more attention to the price-quality relationship, the performance and content of the product and the quality of packaging, as most respondents place more value on what they consume.

The dried fruit moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, 1813) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most important pests of both dried fruits and stored grains and products. One of the alternative control methods to chemicals in the control against this pest is the use of biological control methods. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) stand out because they do not have any negative effects on the environment, living organism and human health, other than the target pests. In this study, ET 10 and Bb 18 isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. were applied to the 4th instar larvae of P. interpunctella under laboratory conditions and their effectiveness was determined. EPF isolates were sprayed to the larvae in plastic petri dishes at a concentration of 1x108 conidia/ml. The experiments were carried out in a randomized plots experimental design with five replicates, with five 4th instar larvae in each petri dish. After the applications, the number of live larvae was recorded by counting the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days and the % mortality rate was calculated. On the fifth day of the experiment, mortality rates of 92% were recorded for the ET 10 isolate of B. bassiana and 84% for the Bb 18 isolate. In the seventh day counts, 100% mortality rates were determined for both isolates of B. bassiana. As a result, it is concluded that B. bassiana may have a potential effect in the biological control of stored product pests.

Forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an annual legume forage crop grown in various regions of Türkiye. It is high in protein, carbohydrate, and digestible matter and contains minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, and vitamins A and D. Salinity stress is an important problem in the cultivation of forage peas. Salinity reduces the osmotic potential of soil solutes, making it difficult for the roots to absorb the water. This study aimed to determine some parameters of two registered forage pea cultivars at different concentrations of two salt types. The effects of these salts on the morphological characteristics and biochemical components of two different registered cultivars of pea, cv. Ateş and cv. Töre were investigated in the present study. The trials were conducted in pots and Na2SO4 and CaCl2 were applied at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM. As a result of the trials, the morphological characteristics like fresh and dry weights and lengths of roots and shoots were investigated along with the biochemical properties like total antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The study was performed in 2 replicates to determine the effect of different salt types and concentrations. The critical salt concentration values for the change in shoot and root fresh weight among morphological traits were determined as 100 and 150 mM for secondary metabolites. While the cv. Töre forage pea showed the highest salt resistance in shoot and root fresh weights in the presence of Na2SO4 the cv. Ateş forage pea showed the lowest salt resistance in the presence of CaCl2. In terms of shoot and root dry weights, the cv. Töre forage pea showed the least resistance at 50 mM Na2SO4 concentration. As for plant length, the cv. Ateş forage pea cultivar showed the least resistance in shoot length at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration, while it showed the highest resistance in root length at this value. The highest total antioxidant activity for the cv. Ateş forage pea and the highest total phenolic content for the cv. Töre forage pea were determined at 150 mM CaCl2 concentration. The lowest total phenolic content value was estimated in the cv. Töre forage pea cultivar at 150 mM Na2SO4 salt concentration.

Since the beginning of rice cultivation, weed control has been a problem in Türkiye as well as in many other countries. Rice has both an important cultural plant and limited production for Türkiye. There are significant yield losses due to weeds and therefore weed control has an important place in rice agriculture. Species belonging to the genus Scirpus in rice production areas have recently become an important problem in rice cultivation areas of Türkiye as well as in rice cultivation areas of many other countries. In order to determine the morphological and genetic diversity of Scirpus mucronata, which is a problem in rice cultivation areas in Türkiye, 62 populations collected from the rice production areas of the Marmara and Black Sea Regions were evaluated over 8 ISSR primers and 12 morphological parameters. In the ISSR study, observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.192 to 0.970 and from 0.136 to 0.566, respectively. In the morphological and molecular analyses performed, differences were detected in some quantitative characters between the examined populations. While morphological similarities were found between the populations grown in different regions that could not be ignored, genetic diversity was found to be higher. Morphological and genetic relationships between populations were not found to be related to geographic distance. In the context of the results, it is important to focus on field management practices such as cultural methods, as well as good control of rice seed traffic and herbicide use. It should not be forgotten that these measures are important in terms of integrated weed management strategies.

This study aims to assess the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid profile, as well as nutrient content estimation of the cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roemer) unshelled kernel (CLUK) that is considered to have the potential to improve product quality and general health in poultry nutrition. The CLUK blend obtained from fruit collected to represent cherry laurel produced in Türkiye was dried, unshelled, and ground to pass through a 1-mm sieve. This CLUK blend was analyzed according to the relevant method of each parameter to describe assessment results. The crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents of the CLUK blend were recorded to be 28.94, 34.55, 26.25, and 36.70%, respectively. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the radical-scavenging potencies such as DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid) were 139.84, 11.79, and 8.00 µg trolox equivalents mg-1, respectively. A total phenolic of 3.31 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 and ascorbic acid of 1.57% contents was determined for the CLUK blend. The primary fatty acids for the CLUK blend were identified as oleic (66.61%), linoleic (15.61%), and palmitic (11.78%). These results reveal that the studied CLUK blend has the potential for quality, healthy, and eco-friendly poultry production.

This study aims to investigate the polymorphism of the Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) gene locus in 105 Morkaraman and 65 Tushin lambs to determine the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of lambs in terms of related genes. DGAT1/Alu1 gene polymorphism was defined by using the PCR-RFLP method in the DNAs isolated from hair samples taken from Morkaraman and Tushin lambs used in this study. PCR- RFLP products were run in an electrophoresis medium and the results were visualized on an ultraviolet (UV) transluminator. When the population was examined in terms of allele frequencies, it was defined that the C allele and the T allele were 0.72% and 0.28% for the Morkaraman, and 0.71% and 0.29% for Tushin, respectively. The CC, CT, and TT genotype frequencies of the DGAT1 gene in the population were found to be 53.3%, 38.1%, and 8.6% for the Morkaraman and 50.8%, 40.0%, and 9.2% for the Tushin, respectively. In the Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium test, it was observed that the distribution of genotype frequencies was in balance (P>0.05) in the population. It has been defined that the genotype and allele frequencies determined in terms of DGAT1 gene polymorphism may be found to be sufficient to reveal the genotype diversity of the breeds. The genotype and allele frequencies determined in terms of DGAT1 gene polymorphism were sufficient to reveal the genotype diversity of the breed, the sheep with CC genotype are economically advantageous in the herd, and therefore DGAT1 gene can be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Moldy cheese produced in Bayburt and its surroundings is a mature cheese with a distinctive flavor that can be prepared in three ways. It is made from only Civil cheese, only cottage cheese (çökelek) or mixing the shredded Civil cheese with cottage cheese made from moderately fatty, or non-fat milk, pressing it into appropriate containers, draining the water, and allowing the cheese to organically mold. It is produced traditionally, and there are no production standards. This study was carried out to identify some of the physical, chemical, and sensory properties, mineral substances, and heavy metal contents of moldy cheeses produced and consumed in the region. In the cheese samples (24 pieces), the average dry matter (DM) rate was 51.26%, ash rate was 5.68%, salt rate was 6.21%, fat rate was 4.81%, acidity level was 0.96% and pH value was 5.79, L color value was 74.94, a color value was 0.94, b color value was 8.24. In sensory analyses, the samples scored an average of 5.94 points for color and appearance, 6.10 points in moldiness, 6.11 points for texture, 5.72 points for odor, 6.03 points for taste, 6.30 points for saltiness, and 6.01 points for general acceptability. 29 elements were examined to determine mineral substances and heavy metal concentrations. These findings are important in terms of revealing some general characteristics and heavy metal content of moldy cheese produced in the region.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of varying holding durations on some post-hatching characteristics of broiler pure line chicks with different selection backgrounds. Fifty d-old chicks from each of 3 dam (A1, A2, A3) and 1 sire (B1) ANADOLU-T broiler pure lines were used. Ten chicks of each genotype were treated with holding durations of 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48-h after hatching. At the end of each holding duration, individual chick weight (g), weight loss (g, %), chick length (mm), wing feather length (mm), rectal temperature (°C), yolk sac weight and percentage (g, %) and yolk-free body mass (g) were determined. Hatching egg weights were similar in A1 (60.9 g), A2 (60.9 g) and B1 (61.1 g) lines, but higher than A3 (59.2 g) (P<0.001). Chick weights were significantly different between genotypes both at hatch and at the each holding duration (P<0.01) and B1 line chicks were the heaviest, A3 the lightest. Absolute and relative mean weight loss occurred in the A3, B1, A1 and A2 lines as 3.7 g and 8.6%, 3.6 g and 8.8%, 3.0 g and 7.3% and 3.1 g and 7.2%, respectively (P<0.01). While the chick length increased linearly as the holding duration progressed in the B1 and A2 lines, it decreased after the 12-h holding period in the A1 line chicks (Interaction effect, P=0.026). The A1 (11.1 mm) and A3 (9.8 mm) line chicks had significantly shorter wing feather lengths (P<0.001) than A2 (15.4 mm) and B1 (15.1 mm) chicks. Rectal temperature values were lower in the A1 line than the others (P<0.01). Genotype x holding duration interaction on yolk sac weight and percentage was significant (P<0.05). A3 chicks with the highest yolk sac weight (6.2 g) and percentage (15.2%) at hatch had higher yellow sac absorption than other genotypes during the 48-h holding. Yolk-free body mass was the highest in B1 (36.7 g) and lowest in A3 chicks (34.5 g) (P<0.001). In conclusion, chick weight, chick length and yolk-free body mass were greatly influenced by egg weight. Regardless of the genotype, the extended holding durations at hatch resulted in deterioration in the general chick characteristics. Further studies are needed to reveal embryonic development and early post-hatch chick characteristics that are likely altered by different selection strategies for each pure line.

This study was carried out to determine the effects and phenotypic relationships of some environmental factors (first calving age, calving year, and calving season) on Lactation period, dry period, milk yield and Milkability traits. The material of the study was the lactation records of 1079 Holstein cows raised in a private dairy farm. As a result of analyses, the values of 305-DMY yield (305 DMY), the lactation period (LP), dry period (DP), time to reach peak yield (Tmax), peak yield (Ymax), average daily milk yield (ADMY), total lactation milk yield (ATMY) and age at first calving (AFC) were determined as 9926.3±178.1 kg, 318.1±1.4 days, 60.05±0.9 days, 95.2±2.1 days, 42.3±0.3 kg, 32.2±0.3 kg, 10248.7±94.1, and 26.7±0.2 months, respectively. The study found the average milk flow rate (MFR) and the average milking time (MT) as 2.0±0.0 kg min-1 and 360.9±4.7 seconds, respectively. In addition, estimates of the 305-day mature equivalent milk yield (ME 305-d) and MFR were also found to be 0.41±0.24 and 0.51±0.30, respectively. As a result, this dairy farm can be recommended as an example to breeders who have just started their dairy farm in Türkiye and countries with similar environmental conditions and are looking for a model.

The objective of this study is to identify the proximate composition, phytochemical profile, and anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Gossypium herbaceum leaf powder (GLP). The fresh leaves of the G. herbaceum were collected, cleansed with fresh water, drained and allowed to dry in the shade, ground to GLP and analysed. The crude fibre (42.93%) and nitrogen-free extract (36.46 %) have a relatively high proportion in GLP; while ash (2.47%) has the lowest proportion. The GLP has relatively high phenol (219.20 mg/g) when compared to flavonoids (81.03 mg/g), tannins (69.56 mg/g), saponins (66.67 mg/g) and alkaloids (55.80 mg/g). The α-amylase inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition of GLP were 48.45% and 30.68%, respectively. The percentage of albumin denaturation inhibition and anti-proteinase activity of GLP was 22.88% and 43.87%, respectively. The lipid peroxidation inhibition, vitamin C, Fe chelation and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl were 35.43%, 23.87%, 11.76% and 88.16%, respectively. GLP exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties.

Nowadays, there has been a growing interest in finding alternative protein sources for both the food industry and nutritional purposes. Protein experts have recently focused on investigating watermelon seeds, which are not only a food processing waste but also contain high-quality proteins. Therefore, this study aimed to achieve maximum protein extraction from watermelon seeds using an ultrasound-assisted extraction process. The study investigated the effects of pH (A; 7─11), sonication temperature (B; 30─60 °C), and sonication time (C; 5─15 min) on protein recovery to develop a Taguchi model. Through optimization, the optimal conditions for maximum protein recovery (85.81%) within the range of process variables were found to be 11 pH, 45 °C sonication temperature, and 10 min sonication time (A3B2C2). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that pH and sonication temperature significantly influenced the protein extraction process (P<0.05). The optimized extraction conditions resulted in a remarkable improvement (56.79%) in protein recovery compared to the initial process parameters $(A_1B_1C_1)$. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed extraction model for obtaining proteins from high-protein seed sources.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Batı ve Orta Karadeniz bal arısı popülasyonlarının bal verimi, kuluçka üretim etkinliği ve kışlama yetenekleri bakımından uygulanan seleksiyon işlemi ile Karadeniz Bölgesi koşullarına adapte olmuş damızlık bal arısı materyalinin elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Batı ve Orta Karadeniz Bölgesinin göçer arıcılığın yapılmadığı farklı alanlarından, sabit arıcılık yapan ve ticari ana arı kullanmayan işletmelerden temin edilen 200 koloni 2014-2020 yılları arasında seleksiyona tabi tutulmuştur. Bu kolonilerin bal verimi, kuluçka üretim etkinliği ve kışlama yeteneklerine ait indeks değerleri hesaplanmış ve %25’lik dilime giren ilk 50 koloni belirlenerek selekte edilmiştir. Seleksiyona tabi tutulan her bir koloniden 4’er adet ana arı üretilip her iki yılda bir ana arı, yetiştirilip bu ana arıların kendi kolonileri dışındaki diğer kolonilerden toplanan semen ile yapay tohumlamaları yapılmıştır. Yapay tohumlanan ana arılar kolonilere kabul ettirilerek sürü tekrar 200’e tamamlanmıştır. Böylelikle seçilen koloniler bir yıl suni tohumlama yöntemi ile çiftleştirilmiş ertesi yılda çiftleştirilmiş kolonilerden bazı performans verileri elde edilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Seçilmiş 50 koloninin 2015, 2017, 2019 yıllarına ait ortalama yavru alan indeksleri sırasıyla 3.8±0.08; 3,9±0.05; 4,0±0.08, ortalama kışlama indeksleri 4,4±0.11; 4,9±0.04; 4,1±0.04, bal verim indeksleri 3,9±0.09; 3,2±0.05; 3,1±0.09 ve koloni indeks değerleri ise 12±012; 12 0±0.09; 11,2±0.14 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kolonilerin yıllar itibariyle ortalama bal verimi 23.68; 24.50, 26.39 kg/koloni, kışlama yeteneği (%) 98.41; 97.15; 81.94 kuluçka üretim etkinliği ise 2064.89; 2123.75; 2023.22 cm2/ koloni olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Batı ve Orta Karadeniz bal arısı popülasyonları ile 2014-2022 tarihleri arasında seleksiyon çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üçüncü jenerasyonu tamamlanan ıslah materyalinin bal verimi, kuluçka üretim etkinliği ve kışlama yetenekleri bakımından başlangıç sürüsüne oranla önemli ilerlemeler kaydettiği görülmüştür. **Gen kaynağı olarak Karadeniz Bölgesi iklim koşullarına adapte olmuş bu materyalin korunması, sürdürülebilir üretiminin sağlanması ve üreticilerin kullanımına kazandırılması önemli bir husustur.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, çobanüzümü popülasyonlarında bazı morfolojik ve pomolojik özellikleri inceleyerek, sonraki ıslah çalışmalarında kullanmak için farklılık arz eden ümitvar genotipleri belirlemektir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma 2011-2012 yılları arasında Trabzon ili Şalpazarı ilçesinde bulunan çobanüzümü (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) popülasyonlarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, çobanüzümü popülasyonlarının yer aldığı bölgeler gezilerek farklılık arz ettiği düşünülen popülasyon grupları içerisindeki genotiplerin morfolojik (sürgün boyu (cm), yaprak uzunluğu (cm), yaprak genişliği (cm)), pomolojik (meyve eni ve boyu (mm), meyve ağırlığı (g), meyve rengi, meyve tadı, meyve şekli, meyve tohum sayısı (adet), sap çukur yara izi (mm), SÇKM, titre edilebilir asit miktarı, pH) belirlenmiştir. Meyvelerin kabuk rengi minolta ile ölçülmüştür. Toplam çözülebilir kuru madde (°Brix), pH değeri ve titre edilebilir asit içeriği (mg/100 ml sitrik asit olarak) belirlenmiştir. Tüm ölçümler, 3 tekerrürlü ve her tekerrürde 10 örnekte (meyve ve yaprak) olacak şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma Bulguları: Çalışma alanında genel olarak topluluklar halinde bulunan çobanüzümü popülasyonları gezilerek, farklılık arz ettiği düşünülen popülasyon gruplarında (TŞ15-TŞ25) ölçümler yapılmıştır. Popülasyonlar içerisinde yer alan bireylerin, 14.0-28.0 cm yüksekliğinde alçak boylu sürgünlere sahip olduğu ve bitki büyüme durumu dik olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Yapraklar 2.38-2.58 cm uzunluğunda ve 1.66-1.74 cm genişliğinde, meyvelerin uzunluğu 8.95-9.48 mm, genişliği ise 10.22-10.59 mm aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Çobanüzümü türü üzerine ülkemizde olduğu gibi dünyada da sınırlı sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırma ile özellikle Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yüksek rakımlarda yayılım gösteren Vaccinium myrtillus L. türünde dikkat çeken genotiplerin morfolojik ve pomolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular başlangıç düzeyindedir. Detaylı çalışmalara devam edilip ülkemiz genetik kaynaklarının ortaya çıkartılması ve ürün çeşitliliğinin artırılması önem arz etmektedir. Ülkemiz doğal florasında bulunan Vaccinium türlerinin kaybolmasını engellemek ve üstün özellik gösteren genotiplerin, gelecek yıllarda yapılacak ıslah çalışmalarında kullanılması için koruma altına alınması önerilmektedir.

Quercus ilex (Holm oak) presents itself as trees up to 14–15 m tall in suitable growing site conditions and as shrubs in unsuitable areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between tree-ring widths of Q. ilex and vessel features, tree diameters, climate, and site conditions throughout Türkiye. A total of 1020 cores from 510 trees were collected from 102 sampled sites throughout Türkiye. After using standard dendroclimatology methods, all tree-ring analyses were performed on these chronologies. As a result, tree-ring boundaries were found to be less visible in Türkiye, like in other Mediterranean areas. Mean sensitivity ranged from 0.32 to 0.48 in different regions. Temperature during spring and summer months in the Mediterranean region has a negative effect on tree-ring widths in general. Winter temperature generally has a positive effect on tree-ring growth, and an increase in winter temperature may promote tree-ring width. Monthly total precipitation from November to July has a significant positive effect on tree- ring width and it is higher in the Aegean Region. While tree rings are wide in the trees found in lowlands, they are narrow in shrubs and at high elevations. There are clear negative relationships between tree-ring width and elevation, the amount of leaves in the litter, total litter amount, organic carbon, and soil pH. Regarding tree height, tree diameter, and vessel features, they have positive and high correlations with tree-ring width, except vessel frequency, which has a significant negative correlation. As a result of grouping, while the ratio of sites belonging to the dry group is low in regions that have trees with wide tree rings, the ratio of sites of the dry group is very high in İzmir and Datça, which have trees with narrow tree rings. The region with the widest rings is the Marmara Region, followed by the western Black Sea and the northern and southern Aegean, respectively. In conclusion, Q. ilex is a species that survives in both xeric and humid sites. It has adapted to dry conditions by forming narrow tree rings in Datça and continues to be found in tall bush-shrub forms with individuals over 140 years old. Specimens of the same age are in the form of trees with diameters of 50–60 cm and heights of 10–15 m in Ereğli. For these reasons, this species should be taken into consideration in afforestation and given priority in protection in its natural habitats where soil conditions are favorable, at a maximum distance of 23 km from the sea and in near-coastal areas.

The Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) is native to Türkiye, where it is found only in small, scattered, and isolated populations within its natural distribution area. These remaining populations are of critical importance for conservation, for continued use as a natural reservoir, and natural selection. The trees are up to 400 years old and already well-adapted to harsh environmental conditions. In recent years, this species has drawn the attention of agriculture and forest practitioners and scientists in several countries who use this important and valuable tree species in studies of the effects of climate change. The origin and genotype of the reproductive material of this species play a key role in its adaptation to environmental conditions, and possible cultivation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the variation of genotypes selected from 13 different populations in Kastamonu and Bolu provinces in terms of rootstock characteristics. These regions are the locations where the Turkish tree hazel is most abundant. For this aim, the growth habit, vigor, number of suckers, and internode of one-year-old shoots were scored on the parent trees. A Kruskal Wallis-H test was applied to the non-parametric data to determine if there were differences among the populations for each variable and the total number of points. Then the Mann-Whitney-U test was used for differences among the groups. In addition, the phylogenetic relationship among the populations and genotypes was revealed by Cluster analysis. Among the rootstocks scored, KTU3 and KTU64 provided the highest score according to non-suckering and strong growth. It has been observed that individuals in Turkish hazelnut populations generally do not form suckers (%89.4) and show strong growth. C. colurna trees were observed to be individual and scattered in the population. Most of the trees are elderly and need to be protected in situ. Turkish hazel population will play a key role in production and sustainable such as to develop rootstock and variety in agriculture production, sustainable forest development, and for ecological adaptation in climate change scenarios.

The quality of the grapes taken from the vines varies depending on many factors. Grape quality is one of the critical determining factors in the crop load left on the vine. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three different crop load levels (36 (T1), 75 (T2), and 105 (T3) bud vine-1) on yield, quality, and sugar fractions of Early Sweet (Vitis vinifera L.) table grape variety grown in Alaşehir district of Manisa/Türkiye. As two years average, the heaviest clusters, berry weight, and soluble solid content (733.0g, 4.41g, 18.05%) were determined in T1 crop load level while the lowest weight clusters and berry weight (580.7g, 388g, 17.42%) were obtained from T3 crop load level. The opposite of these findings was observed in titratable acidity values. In the research; the highest amount of table grapes per vine was obtained at T2 treatment in both years. The mean total glucose values for both years varied between 45.70% (T1), 45% (T2), and 37.90% (T3), respectively. Fructose content ranged between 41.50% (T1) and 41% (T3), and sorbitol content was 2.17% (T1), 2.05% (T2), and 2.17% (T3). Galactose content was negligible in all crop load treatments and ranged between 0.54% and 0.56%. The result is also T2 treatment (75 bud vine-1) can be recommended to ‘Early Sweet’ grape growers as the most effective treatment that provides the highest amount of marketable grapes in terms of yield-quality balance.

Suckers that develop rapidly in hazelnut bottoms compete with the main branches, resulting in yield and quality losses as well as a risk for pest and diseases. Hazelnut suckers are controlled by mechanical, physical and chemical methods. A majority of mechanical methods are impractical in large production areas and physical and chemical methods come to the forefront. Among the physical methods, flaming is an effective method preferred for this purpose. As a result of studies carried out in different countries on the effect of herbicides on suckers, 2.4-D, glufosinate ammonium, paraquat, carfentrazone-ethyl, and saflufenacil have been recommended. For this purpose, 2.4-D, diquat and glyphosate are applied in Türkiye. Aside from herbicides, some nitrogen fertilizers and plant growth regulators were also effective. In Türkiye, hazelnut growers prefer mechanical and chemical applications for controlling suckers, which they consider as a problem. Within the scope of this study, in order to determine effective, economical, and practical methods and to develop control strategies for Türkiye, a literature review was carried out on the methods for controlling hazelnut suckers in Türkiye and in other countries. In the light of compiled information, current methods and their alternatives have been evaluated. As a result, it is concluded that scientific research is needed and region-specific management strategies should be developed by integrating cultural, physical, mechanical and chemical methods which are effective, economical, and practical for the sustainable management of suckers in hazelnut orchards in Türkiye.

Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are observed among people in many developing countries. The high cost of cow's milk and poverty make it difficult for people to access nutritious food. For this reason, low-cost foods that can be an alternative to cow's milk are important. In addition, the fact that cow's milk causes lactose intolerance, high cholesterol, constipation and bloating in some individuals has led people to other alternatives. Apart from these, alternatives for vegan individuals have begun to be considered. All these reasons have increased the demand for alternative milk of plant origin worldwide. Plant-based milks have been the subject of research with different names in the literature. For example: vegetable milk, non-dairy milk, imitation milk, dairy substitute. This review is focused on comparing nutrient composition of cow's milk and plant-based milk alternatives.

Production and consumption of dried meat products are increasing considerably across all nations because they are nutritious, low in fat, easily accessible, and convenient for customers to eat. Over the years, its roles have become vital in human diet as they are consumed to combat protein malnutrition and boost food security of undernourished people in underdeveloped and developing nations. Initially, dried meat products are made to satisfy consumer expectations for sensory and nutritional attributes as well as to reduce meat wastage and increase the meat shelf life during prolonged transportation and storage. Recently, the discovery of contamination that is above the minimal threshold advised for meat safety has made the safety of dried meat products the focus of microbiological evaluation. It is well recognized that eating meat products with poisoning microorganisms could put customers at risk for health problems. As a result, it is critical to refocus the research to determine the viability of dried meat products for eating after production by evaluating the production processes, nutritional quality, and microbial safety. Therefore, this review aimed to highlight the production procedures, nutritional quality and microbial safety of dried meat products and their suitability for consumption after production.