The effects of climate change are no longer just a possibility we will face in the future. Droughts, wildfires, storms, sea surges, and much more, are climate change-related risks that communities around the world are facing today, coastal communities are particularly under the risk of floods and sea-level rise, but how aware are these communities of these threats? This study sets out to assess social awareness to climate change amongst the residents of the coastal Libyan city of Zuwara, which faces the risk of floods and sea level rise (SLR). The awareness level of the society about the factors of climate change can create significant barrier in front of mitigation and adaptation process. From this point of view, the study suggests that using a tool that publicly understandable and having familiarity with can have a greater impact on the level of awareness. Therefore, it has been focused on the role of architecture as a tool to raise awareness of the risks of climate change. The research methodology relies on a case study with future projections regarding Sea level rise (SLR) under different Representative concentration pathway (RCP), and a social survey designed in three stages: First step is measuring the level of awareness of residents of the city, then in the second attempt to rise it using architecture as an educative tool, and finally re-measuring the level of awareness in order to test the effectiveness of architecture as proposed tool. The questionnaire was distributed online to a sample of 100 people including participants who are of professional backgrounds in architecture and built environment. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire was divided into two stages, first, measuring the level of general awareness of the respondents about their living environment and climate change, then measuring the level of improvement in awareness about climate change during the survey. The second section of the questionnaire was formulated based on Likert scale, and to test the study’s hypotheses, (T - Test) and Independent Samples Test, were used. Survey results have shown an increase in the degree of awareness between participants when comparing answers before stage two and after, suggesting that using architecture as an educative tool to raise awareness about climate change; is effective.

The globalization process resulted from technological and economic developments in the second half of the 20th century has created a rapid urban transformation in the world and Turkey as a developing country. This rapid urban transformation has affected the urban and architectural context of cities, including Istanbul, both in negative and positive ways. Urban policies, which lay the groundwork for minimizing the negative effects of rapid urbanization on cities and producing more inclusive life scenarios, are mostly based on socio-cultural sustainability approaches. However, when urban policies are concerned, the issue of sustainability is usually approached from the perspectives of ecological and/or physical features, whereas the significance of socio-cultural sustainability for urban development strategies is often neglected. Within this framework, this study aims to examine the potentials and constraints that Mecidiyeköy encompasses as an “urban threshold” and to inquire the ways that socio-cultural sustainability can offer a ground for future urban policies and architectural practices to trigger the co-existence of differences and social interaction between them. This study is designed as a case-study and the methodological framework of the study consists of literature review and on-site observations. This article revealed that socio-cultural sustainability, as a conceptual framework and urban approach, can provide a fertile ground for future urban scenarios that would be developed for Mecidiyeköy. If approached from the socio-cultural sustainability perspective, it can be ensured that this region having constraints and potentials in terms of accommodating spatial and human diversity and triggering the interaction between them, can actually work as an “urban threshold.”

The aim of this paper is examining a research design methodology approach. This methodology approach is mainly focusing on investigating the comparison of consistent cases within a research structure. The comparison is carried out through the 2D drawing layouts such as plans in the selected study. Although the main concern is examining the methodology covering the comparison of low-rise apartments’ domestic space plan layouts, the exemplar study is also introduced briefly within the paper for a better understanding of the introduced comparison structure and the part of the methodology scrutinized. Comparison of plan layouts related cases in space syntax and morphology studies is the starting point. Afterwards, the discussion on the selection of similar plan types (2D drawings) in meaning and sizes made the methodology introduced possible. Focusing on an architectural design related research study is a crucial part of this paper supporting the core discussion. For this reason, focusing on a former research based on architectural design related domestic space investigation with its context related to low-rise apartment plans’ in Istanbul was needed. Other than domestic space investigations, this approach may also be applied to similar investigations covering building design morphology and spatial syntax related researches focusing on the comparison of cases depending on a systematic selection. The selection of the analyzed cases in this design methodology approach is crucial with their similar extent of plan sizes and semantic coherence in relation with their use of spaces. Environment-Behavior Studies related research context is also crucial for this methodology approach. Behavioral circuits, behavior setting, and culture-ecology perspective within the building scale should be primarily discussed in order to use this paper’s methodological approach.

Afghanistan as a multi-cultural country witnesses a diversity of architectural styles influenced by many civilizations. Architecture in the Kabul city, the capital of Afghanistan, encompasses styles before emerging Islamic and after emerging Islamic religion. Considering the civilization influences, architecture styles in Afghanistan may be divided into three parts: Central Asia, Persian, and Indian. Kabul city is the meeting place of all these three styles. After the establishment of current Afghanistan in 1747, for the first time the evolution of architectural style in Kabul city as the capital occurred in 1880 which has been influenced by western architecture styles, and it has become the most famous style in the city. Basically, the architecture styles in Kabul city in relation to the civilization influences are characterized by Central Asian, Persian, Indian, and Western styles which have been reflected in most of the architectural monuments in the country. In this paper it is aimed to study the architectural evolution of the Kabul city by considering the civilization impacts through history, particularly before emerging Islam and after emerging Islam religion. The associated architectural monuments of each historical period in the city were studied based on its architectural style and related civilization. Furthermore, these impacts on shaping the current architectural style of the Kabul city have also been reviewed. This study is carried out mostly by reviewing the literature to highlight the architectural styles developed over the periods in Kabul city and the impact of cultural influences on them. As a case from each historical period, the monuments according to their historical importance, architecture style, and construction method are evaluated. As a mapping technique, Arc GIS 10.5 is used to visualize the distribution of architectural monuments within Kabul city.

Over the last fifteen years, apart from compulsory curricular studios, extracurricular intensive studios in architectural design (ISAD) have become a mainstream educational environment worldwide. ISADs cover an actual weight in non-formal architectural education. However, to date, there is no review on the methods, processes, or implementation of extracurricular ISADs. The field needs to enhance the visibility of workshop results with regular reporting of workshop activities to raise awareness among future professionals and the wider public. This review aims to make visible existing learning-teaching-experiencing environments and pedagogical conditions, practices, tendencies, and implementations in ISADs. The study follows three stages. It first conducts a scoping study to examine the research outputs on ISADs indexed in SCOPUS and Web of Science from January 1975 to September 2020. Second, it expands the workshop pool by including past ISADs reached via websites/papers. It codes each workshop with the codes and themes determined through the scoping study. Finally, it creates an interactive mapping detailing the following analysis: (1) Quantitative analysis of ISADs (Geographical distribution; outputs; principles, as elements creating the atmosphere and tactics); (2) Qualitative analysis to reveal the impact of workshop outputs on the interested stakeholders. The review suggests that ISADs, including their processes and outputs, contribute to the knowledge triangle in architecture by serving two fundamental roles: (1) A research-by-design activity to address socio-economic-ecological problems caused by the built environment; (2) A pioneering venture in improving the curriculum and practices of teaching and learning. Within the scope of the exigencies of the education field, this review uncovers the potential of ISADs in overcoming time-related, geographical, economic limitations; providing fresh perspectives on content and methods concerning architectural education; expanding the intellectual resources of students; enabling international collaboration between HEIs; breeding an experimental/flexible learning and research environment in the 1st and 2nd cycles to absorb ever-changing tools/methods promoted in professional/research sides of the field. This review provides the reader with an array of diverse teaching and learning practices on these non/informal grounds. The number of workshops included in this study is relatively small, therefore, researchers are encouraged to expand the number of workshops for further analysis.

In this study, the clustering trend of the accommodation along with the urban renewal process in the Golden Horn region in recent years is investigated. After the districts that are mainly chosen for tourism-oriented accommodation are determined, the location selection processes of accommodation is analyzed and the reasons behind the preference of said districts are examined. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between urban policies regarding the Golden Horn region and the location selection process and to detect how the factors affecting the preference of locations regarding tourism-oriented accommodation differ in different districts. In order to deduce the factors that play an active role in the clustering process in the region, first, the distribution pattern of the accommodation activities in the two sides of the Golden Horn and the districts that are mostly preferred were determined, and then the data obtained in the field studies from semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews conducted with the people representing these facilities in the determined districts, namely Balat-Ayvansaray, and Sütlüce, were interpreted. The findings of the study revealed the following original results regarding the location selection process of the tourism function in the Golden Horn: i) It was determined that there has been an increase in tourism-oriented accommodation investments in the districts in the Golden Horn region in the last 5 years; ii) The tourism-oriented accommodation facilities tend to cluster in the Golden Horn region and are predominantly located in the districts of Balat-Ayvansaray and Sütlüce; iii) Factors affecting the location selection processes of investments in two different districts differ according to the characteristics of the districts and the qualifications and preferences of the visitors. While tourism-oriented accommodation facilities are clustered in certain districts in the Golden Horn region, the reasons for clustering and the quality of the facilities that clusters vary according to the advantages of the district and the preferences of the visitors. The spatial effects caused by clustering also differ according to districts. In addition, it is observed that the location selection for accommodation in Sütlüce supports urban renewal in the district. As a result of the findings of the study, it is understood that the clustering of accommodation activity in the Golden Horn plays an important role in increasing urban resilience.

Firstly, this article focuses on the origins of modern architecture in addition to the simple binomial academism/modernism that sometimes gives little clarification about the aesthetic, formal or typological options of southern European countries. By widening the spectrum of cultural, mythical and ideological influences at the beginning of the 20th century, other insights are possible, not only with regard to the modern period, but also in the understanding of some paths of Mediterranean contemporary production. In short, this article aims to raise two main questions and how can they be related: 1) Does the identity of Mediterranean architecture come from common fundamentals or from a richness of contrasts and diversities? 2) Can these fundamentals and diversities become “operative” in architectural/urban design? And how do they respond to the globalization phenomena and the possibility of real sustainable achievements?

This study focuses on the emergence and development of historico-geographical approach that is systematized by M.R.G. Conzen in the mid-twentieth century through his studies of English cities. The background of historico-geographical approach was discussed in a detailed way. And the ideas of M.R.G. Conzen was examined in many early and recent studies. This study aims to identify the philosophical background of historico-geographical approach throughout its historical development and seeks to answer whether it would be appropriate to adopt the basic concepts and principles of investigation to the Turkish cities, with a focus on the city of Mersin. The research on the urban form of Mersin was uncovered before in elsewhere, but they were concentrated on the specific concepts and processes of historico-geographical approach. This study aims to reveal the comprehensive framework to investigate a city from a Conzenian view. The study on Mersin revealed that the urban growth pattern of the city brought about amalgamation of inner and middle fringe belts, and occurrence of an ‘umbrella fringe belt’, while dialectical interaction of morphological agents resulted in emergence of morphogenetic types in the interplay of building and plot patterns.

Business practices are highlighted by development studies for contributing to the resilience of the rural population. However, business in the context of rural development has to fulfill distinct characteristics and roles compared to urban enterprises. Commercial organizations that are solely targeting economic growth and lacking social aspects of development might not contribute to overall sustainability of the region. This research investigates two textile craft organizations from rural India to trace the linkage between social innovations and resilience. Applying the concepts of bridging organizations and rural capitals, the paper illustrates the relationship between rural business, social innovations, and rural capital in the context of sustainable development. Findings indicate that social innovations playing bridging roles have the potentials to contribute to the sustainability of rural enterprises and the development of the region.

Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is a robust tool to systematically evaluate the effects of design decisions on spatial performance and to identify the relationship between the space and its users. Although there is a growing body of POE research on complex buildings, such as hospitals and education spaces, studies on the POE evaluation of public open spaces are limited. More importantly, few studies have investigated public squares designed at the periphery and how they are used. This study aims to identify the extent to which spatial configuration of public squares is related to users’ behavior (i.e., modes/distances of access, level of satisfaction). For this purpose, we focused on four peripheral urban squares located in Istanbul, Turkey. The methodology applied in the study includes a synthesis of three types of expertise: 1) behavioral mapping of urban squares (through the analysis of patterns of use based on direct observation), 2) cognitive evaluation of spaces based on perceived factors (through user questionnaires), and 3) quantifying urban public spaces objectively (through the methodology of space syntax and urban morphology). The results identify associations between objective characteristics of public spaces designed at the peripheral districts, patterns of use and users’ perception of these areas, to a certain extent. For example, the variety and intensity of activities within the square as well as the length of occupancy are highest for Avcılar square, which is most integrated within its urban surroundings with reduced average block size. An important finding is the association between the average street connectivity levels of these squares with their pedestrian catchment areas. In other words, the more integrated a public urban space is with its surroundings (800mt buffers), its users will access this space on foot from a larger distance. Based on these findings, spatial configuration as measured by space syntax measures appears to be an explanatory measure assessing the potentiality of public open spaces for bringing users together, hence, creating a lively, well-used space. However, the results also point to some disagreements between the perceived (users’ evaluations) and objective (syntactic analysis) measurements, which indicate that both types of measurements are needed in POE research of public spaces. 

Social changes resulting a significant shift in philosophical thinking in the renaissance brought the idea of individuality to the forefront, radically changing the social requirements and desires of individuals, the ideas of freedom of all individuals collectively, their relations with society and their environments, and also their participation in urban life. As a result of the industrialization activities, wars and migrations experienced in the twentieth century, this direct participation of the individual in the urban space was negatively affected. Especially due to globalization, the changing physical appearance and quality of life of metropolitan cities have created disconnections in human interactions with the city and their bodily experience with the environment. Monetary system which have dominated urban life, has taken business life to the forefront separating the residential fabric from the zones where business life develops, and accordingly lively streets have been surrendered to motor vehicles over time. One of the social groups most affected by these changes, is the young generation. The cities where the scale has changed radically, the sacrificed areas were usually the recreational environments, and children's play areas. Within this context, it is also mentioned in the literature that adults (politicians, planners, and municipalities) easily ignore the fact that cities are also for children; the developmental characteristics of young people, their needs for age, play and experience necessary for their healthy growths are ignored. Therefore, it should be admitted that cities should have a lot to offer children. It is necessary to organize the streets, to plan the transit routes of motor vehicles, redefine new speed limits, and re-evaluate the streets to make them pedestrian-friendly again taking into account the possibility of danger to children. So, as a part of the theoretical background discussed in the context of environment and behavior theories, the debate covers how the urbanites, children in particular –every urbanite is considered as a body in this paper– are affected by the rapid change of urban space. Also, through the introduction of global models such as woonerf and home zone on how the city can regulate physical and social components that can contribute both to the socialization of adults and to children’s development and freedom in relation to their own age and needs, a fruitful insight is endeavored to be provided to the potential for these kinds of practices to be implemented in metropolitan cities especially in the residential fabric of cities.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of housing price differences in Istanbul Metropolitan Area. Factors that affect house prices in Istanbul are investigated by Hedonic Regression Model with spatial variables. House Price taken in natural Log form as dependent variable and house characteristics, neighborhood characteristics and transportation infrastructure taken as independent variables. Location of houses on Europe continent has more impact on value than Asian part of the city. As the Istanbul city spread out new neighborhood areas are also developed with new characteristics. And those houses are sold according to amenities they surrounded by are spatially autocorrelated. House prices are examined in Istanbul by taking into consideration sub-market characteristics to identify localized factors. In the model distance to green areas, ports, proximity to metro stations, shopping malls, hospitals have positive but insignificant; proximity to earthquake fault lines, public bus transportation, industrial zones have negative and significant effect on prices.

The concept of sustainability, which is currently sitting on our agenda with increasing environmental pollution has gradually increased its importance. In order to leave a livable ecosystem for new generations, it is essential that individuals are given the necessary education within the scope of the issues that need to be done. The best training is hands-on training. A person can internalize the concept that he sees, touches, feels in the environment in which he is located, that is, lives with all his perceptions. In this case, building educational structures with the goals of sustainable architecture is an important step in terms of instilling the concept of sustainability in the younger generations. In the context of sustainable design, vertical green systems have taken an important place with the technological developments in recent years and it has been shown that they contribute to achieving sustainable design goals. It is believed that the application of these systems in school structures will make it easier for students to explain the concept of herd, because they are experiential. For these reasons, the aim of the study is to reveal the benefits of vertical green systems in terms of sustainability in educational structures and to present a study that can provide resources for sustainable school designs.In the study, the benefits of vertical green systems were discussed in the context of reducing the urban heat effect, improving air quality, absorbing noise and saving energy. Energy analysis was carried out through revit program by applying vertical green system to the educational buildings selected from Adana Çukurova University in order to demonstrate the benefits of vertical green systems within the scope of energy conservation with data. As a result of the evaluations made, the electrical energy savings of green vertical systems were revealed with numerical data and the criteria to be considered for an environmentally beneficial vertical green system application were explained.

The first task of the city planner is to effectively locate integrated land use types for various objectives. The Multi Objective Land Use Planning Model developed to achieve this goal, aims to maximize land value and minimize the transportation. The genetic algorithm method developed to find the optimum layout according to the Multi-Objective Land Use Planning Model has been explained, the success and performance of the process has been tested with artificial data, and its usability in real problems has been examined. According to the results of the study, using this method, it is revealed that layout plans that are very close to the maximum efficiency value can be found within 1 day in cities with a population of up to 1,000,000, within 1 week in cities up to 5,000,000, and within 1.5 months in cities close to 16,000,000. By examining the results, the deficiencies of this method are determined and the suggestions for improvement of this method are stated. The problem chosen in this study is a problem that most city planners have to solve and the developed application has been opened to the use of other experts. This makes this work unique as it allows planning experts who are incapable of developing such methods to experiment.

Adaptive reuse is a common formula for reliving life in spaces that are no longer used for their original function, whether through physical adjustments or by incorporating virtual environments into space to Create hybrid spaces with a new dimension in which the data of memory, culture and space identity interact. Although the trends of the studies vary in their approach to deal with the concept of adapting architectural spaces, they remain in the same theme that the process of space adaptation is seen to be based on either one or the other, Oblivious to the fact that the process of building adaptation generates tension and creates hybrid spaces which belong to neither. Thus, the studies that focused on this subject does not reach the creation of a clear and specific theoretical framework for adapting architecture to changing cultural and social requirements and desires. This research attempts to examine the possibility of investing the concept of hybrid to consider different dimensions of architectural adaptation. The relevance of hybridity theory to understanding architectural adaptation is a subject that has hardly been explored. An objective of this research is to investigate this research gap represented of absence of specialized studies help to understand the relationship between the concept of hybrid and architectural adaptation and lack of the proposed concepts that accommodate new patterns of adaptation to preserve more than one characteristic (perhaps in conflict) within the original space. In light of this, the research problem is represented in the absence of a clear and comprehensive theoretical framework that enables the identification of forms of adaptation that respond to changing cultural and social requirements and desires. Hence, this research seeks to combine Bhabha's concept of hybrids and adaptation of architecture to build a clear and comprehensive perception of this concept, by using architectural studies that dealt with these subjects.