Objective: Eye injuries are one of the leading causes of disabling ocular morbidity. The objective of this bibliometric study was to evaluate the top 100 cited articles on ocular trauma published between 1975 and 2018 via multidimensional citation analysis. Methods: We analyzed the top 100 cited articles among 3,768 ocular trauma articles published between 1975 and 2018; these articles were obtained from the databases in Web of Science and PubMed based on their citation rates per article, publication years, countries of origin, institutions or organizations, the most common subjects, funding status, article types, and levels of evidence. The data obtained were analyzed with the SPSS® 20.0 software package program.Results: In the top 100 cited articles on ocular trauma, the total number of authors was 420 and the average authorship was 4.20±2.23 (range: 1–14). In our study, 70 of the top 100 cited articles were published in journals with an impact factor (IF) of ≥2.00 (range: 2.016–8.806), and Q index or quartile score of these journals was mostly Q1. Although the most preferred journal was Ophthalmology according to the total number of citations and articles (n=2,183 and n=23, respectively), Eye was the most preferred journal according to the mean number of citations per article. Besides, the three most common topics among the top 100 cited articles were mechanical eyeball injury (40 articles), epidemiology of ocular trauma (19 articles), and traumatic eye infection (17 articles). The average level of evidence was found to be 3.14±0.66 (range: 1–4), and the mean number of citations per article was the highest level at 2. Moreover, we also found that the most commonly preferred article type by authors was clinical research (92 articles), and most of them were in the B level of evidence group (70 articles).Conclusion: Analysis of the top 100 most cited articles on ocular trauma as an update study can provide us scientific contributions and vital current data in clinical implementations.

It can be seen that, especially pearls and corals, among the preciousstones that the nature present to humans as gifts, are frequentlydepicted in the European painting. These stones which are attractivewith their beauty and luminosity, are adorning the canvases for variousreasons. The aim of this study is to look at the history of Europeanpainting through the elegant world of jewelry and gemstones. It isinteresting to see that pearls and corals have rich mythological andbiblical connotations as well as being symbols of status and power.The time scope of the research is between 15th and 17. centuriesbecause of the intensity of the pictures showing pearls and corals in theart historical periods of Renaissance and Baroque. Pearls are amongthe symbols of the love and beauty godddess Venus. It is possible tosee pearls in the pictures that show the birth of Venüs in an oyster orVenus in front of a mirror. Egyptian queen Cleopatra, dropped a beadof pearl in her glass, in the banquet that she organized for Antonius.Painters who depicted the queens and royal ladies of Europe, showedthem in rich jewellery decorated with pearls. In some works of art,pearls are interpreted as the sign of wordly pleasures and ambitions.Corals, believed to be protecting against the evil eye, can be seenin the paintings of young women and little children. Corals, with itsstrong color of red, are depicted in the compositions of Virgin Maryand Christ Child. In the Greek mythology, it is believed that Perseuscreated corals. Some artists, presented scenes of pearl or coral fishingon their canvases.

A 76-year-old lady presented to emergency department for left eye sudden visual loss, and fundoscopy found cherry-red spot over thecentral macula with attenuated retinal vessels. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) was diagnosed. She did not complain of new onsetheadache, but mild tenderness on palpation over left temporal area with vaguely weak pulsation detected. After the acute management ofCRAO pharmacologically, rebreathing into paper bag, and ocular massage; patient underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy hoping to salvagethe ischemic retina while waiting for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate result. Result was >100 mm/hr, and high dose oral steroid wasstarted immediately. Superficial temporal artery biopsy (TAB), performed 2 days after steroid treatment, was diagnostic of giant cell arteritis(GCA). Positron emission tomography and computerized tomography scan revealed vasculitis over thoracic aorta, left common carotid andsubclavian artery. Ocular imaging of CRAO, histology of GCA on TAB are discussed with the interesting images.

Objective: Our aim in this study was to compare the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in rapid eye movement (REM) related obstructivesleep apnea (RRO) syndrome (OSAS) and position related OSAS (SRO) to habitual snorers (HSN) and try to find out the phenotype that increasesthe physical stress more.Methods: The patient charts and polysomnograms of all subjects referred to Yedikule medical center for chest diseases sleep departmentbetween June 2019 and January 2020 were reviewed and classified as RRO, SRO and HSN. Fasting blood tests were performed in the morningfollowing polysomnography. The phenotypes of OSAS were compared to each other by means of NLR.Results: A total number of 147 cases were reviewed. Forty eight cases were SRO, 49 cases were RRO and 50 were simple snorer. The NLR in RROwas statistically significant from those of SRO and HSN subgroups (p=0.001), whereas NLR in groups SRO and HSN were identical (p=0.650).Apnea Hypopnea index and O2 nadir in all groups were statistically significant from each other.Conclusion: Our data suggests that the REM related OSAS increases NLR as a predictor of inflammation, but NLR stays constant in Positionrelated OSAS and simple snorers.

Image segmentation is a significant step in image processing that applies to various fields. These fields include machine vision, object detection, astronomy, biometric recognition systems (face, fingerprint, plate, and eye), medical imaging, video surveillance, and many other image-based technologies. Efficient image segmentation is one of the most important tasks and critical roles in automatic image processing. Especially in engineering studies, finding the most suitable solutions for problems is one of the important research topics. Bio-inspired algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), and Bat Algorithm (BAT), etc. are used to find the optimal solutions in search spaces and Ant Lion Optimization (ALO) is one of these algorithms. In recent years, bio-inspired algorithms are used to optimize the segmentation parameters of the images. This research proposes a modified region growing (RG) image segmentation approach using bio-inspired ALO. Region growing (RG) has three main problems as the selection of the right seeds, the number of seeds, and the region growing strategy. Therefore, ALO was used to solve seed selection problems in RG. In this study, firstly, the median filter was applied to the inputs to improve the quality of the images. Subsequently, the region growing segmentation was carried out using optimal seed points obtained from the ALO. For obtaining the optimal seeds, ALO was used to solve the limitations of RG during the segmentation process. The success of the proposed approach was tested using some images taken from the BSDS300 (Berkeley) dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method segments almost all the images.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of the bleb needling revision (BNR) procedure with the adjunctive useof 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in encapsulated bleb after unsuccessful trabeculectomy.Methods: We reviewed 16 eyes of 15 subjects who underwent BNR procedure due to encapsulated bleb afterunsuccessful trabeculectomy. Demographic data, type of glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP) values of preBNR, IOP values of post-BNR at first day, first week and first month, follow up time and complications wererecorded from patients’ files, retrospectively.Results: The mean follow up time was 53.1 ± 26.4 weeks. The average time between previous unsuccessfultrabeculectomy and BNR was 11.12 ± 8.79 weeks. The mean IOP of pre-BNR was 26.0±4.4 mmHg andsignificantly decreased to 12.4 ± 5.0 mmHg post-BNR at the first day (p < 0.001). The mean IOP values ofpost-BNR at the first week was 13.3 ± 4.9 mmHg and at the first month was 14.8 ± 4.8 mmHg. According tothe mean IOP of pre-BNR, the mean IOP values of post-BNR at the first week and at the first month weresignificantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Seven (44%) eyes were achieved success and eight(50%) eyes were achieved qualified success. One (6%) eye was classified as the failure.Conclusion: The bleb needling revision procedure with the adjunctive use of 5-FU in encapsulated bleb afterunsuccessful trabeculectomy is a simple, useful and repeatable method to restore the dysfunctional bleb.

Objectives: Aim of this study is to investigate the effect of intravitreal aflibercept therapy in an 18-monthperiod in patients with recurrent neovascular age-related macular degeneration resistant to intravitrealranibizumab.Methods: This is a prospective study of eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration switched tointravitreal aflibercept with at least 18 month of follow-up after the switch. All patients had had a minimum of6 injections of ranibizumab before the switch. All patients received a loading dose of three intravitreal 2 mgaflibercept injections at 4-week intervals. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity, central macular thicknessand the frequency of injections were compared.Results: The study included 39 patients, each with one diseased eye. The studied eyes had received an averageof 10.74 ± 4.38 previous intravitreal ranibizumab injections over a period of 28.31 ± 18.08 months. During thestudy, an average of 6.94 ± 2.58 intravitreal aflibercept injections were given in a period of 18 months. Meancentral macular thickness at baseline, before switching to aflibercept, 6, 12, and 18 months after the afliberceptinjection were 327.44 ± 120.57, 354.50 ± 127.79, 290.20 ± 112.25, 311.70 ± 119.47, and 299.29 ± 98.38 μm,respectively. A significant change was found in the macular thickness measured at intervals throughout thestudy. However, no significant improvement was found in visual acuity after 18 month after switching toaflibercept.Conclusions: Switching from intravitreal ranibizumab, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor-A,to aflibercept, another inhibitor for such factors, has increased central macular thickness significantly withoutchanges in visual acuity.

Objectives: Behçet's disease is an inflammatory rheumatic disease with recurrent scarring in the oral andgenital area, as well as skin, eye, joint, vein, and nerve involvement. The aim of the study was to investigatethe level of hearing in Behçet’s disease and whether there is a change in hearing levels as the level of thedisease increases.Methosd: In this study we examined 32 patients with Behçet’s disease and 50 healthy volunteers. All patientswere evaluated with audiometry, tympanometry and acoustic reflex tests, as well as detailed ear, nose, andthroat examinations.Results: Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 9.3% of the patients with Behçet's disease, according tothe audiological data, and all patients were bilateral. We also observed sensorineural hearing loss to be the fifthmost common symptom in our study. Especially in high frequencies, there was positive correlation betweenhearing levels and disease exposure time (p < 0.05).Conclusions: We think that the audiological examinations should be included in the routine check-ups ofBehçet's patients. In addition, a follow-up assessment of the hearing level of these patients with high frequencyaudiometry may be more meaningful.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two different intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents in two treatmentnaiveand statistically equal cohorts of diabetic macular edema patients.Methods: In this retrospective study, 81 eyes of 64 treatment-naive diabetic macular edema (DME) patients were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups andboth groups were treated [37 eyes with intravitreal 0.5 mg ranibizumab (IVR) and 44 eyes with intravitreal 2 mg aflibercept (IVA)] with three consecutive injections atintervals of one month. All patients underwent a detailed eye examination including optic coherence tomography and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA; Snellen),biomicroscopy, fundoscopy and applanation tonometry at preoperative, 1st, 2nd and 3rd month. BCVA values were converted into logarithm of the minimum angle ofresolution (logMAR) for statistical analyses. Data were evaluated with SPSS 25.0.Results: Mean BCVA (logMAR) increased from 0.58±0.28 to 0.43±0.29, 0.39±0.25 and 0.32±0.26 (p=0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001) in the IVR group and from 0.54±0.28 to0.41±0.34, 0.43±0.39 and to 0.32±0.37 (p=0.004, p=0.023, p<0.001) in the IVA group. Mean central macular thickness (CMT) decreased from 406±82 μm to 345±65μm (1st month), 332±83 μm (2nd month) and finally to 303±60 μm (3rd month) (p<0.001) in the IVR group and from 415±88 μm to 328±79 μm, 297±54 μm and finallyto 277±54 μm (p<0.001) in the IVA group, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of BCVA (p>0.05). In the subgroup analysis, CMTgain in patients with moderate DME (CMT ≤385 μm) was found significantly better in the IVA group compared to the IVR group (1st month: 36.9 vs. 83.6, 2nd month: 36.2vs. 106.3, 3rd month: 3nd 72.7 vs. 125.1; p<0.05).Conclusion: Both anti-VEGFs were equally effective in visual outcomes. Compared to ranibizumab, aflibercept has a rapid and superior therapeutic effect in anatomicalresults, especially in moderate DME cases.

Objective: Dermoid cysts are developmental malformations originating from ectoderm and mesoderm. They are congenital and usually localized inthe head and neck region. Their walls are covered with squamous epithelium and may contain different skin patches and tissues (multiple sebaceousglands, hair follicles, sweat glands, fat, nail, eye, teeth, cartilage). The purpose of this study was to present an approach to the masses in the headand neck region, to evaluate the relationship between preoperative imaging, final pathology and differential diagnosis, and to discuss how treatmentplanning should be done.Methods: In this study, 37 patients, who admitted to our clinic for masses in the head and neck region and who underwent surgery after necessaryconsultations and preoperative evaluation between January 2010 and July 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were evaluated in terms ofage, gender, lesion size, lesion location, preoperative imaging, intracranial involvement, treatment and complications.Results: Of the 29 patients included in this study, 15 were male (51.7%) and 14 were female (48.2%). The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 28 yearsand the mean age was 10 years. Twenty-two of the lesions were localized on the lateral side of the eyebrows (75.8%), two on the glabella (6.8%), twoin the temporal region (6.8%), one in the occipital region (3.4%), one on the forehead (3.4%), and one in the medial canthal region (3.4%). At the timeof admission, all patients complained of swelling under the skin at the localization of the lesion. At least one imaging modality, primarily computedtomography, was requested to assess intracranial involvement in all patients’ preoperatively. The main reason for the removal of lesions was cosmeticproblems.Conclusion: Dermoid cysts are operated not only for the removal of poor cosmetic appearance, but also for the prevention of possible leakage andinfection, for definite pathologic diagnosis and for prevention of secondary bone changes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure and report the pupillary diameter of myopic refractive surgery candidates and to identify the associated factors.Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients withmyopia or myopic astigmatism were included in the study. Patients with accompanying ocular pathologies were excluded. Only one eye of the remaining patients was selected using a randomnumber table. Age, sex, spherical equivalent of manifest refraction (SE), and axial length (AL) wererecorded. Scotopic, mesopic, and photopic pupillary diameters were measured with dynamic pupillometery (Sirius, Schwind Eye Tech Solutions AG, Germany).Results: Eighty eyes of 80 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 28±6years, and mean SE was -5.25±2.26 D. The mean AL was 25.41±1.41 mm. The mean scotopic, mesopic,and photopic pupillary diameters were 6.26±0.60, 5.81±0.61, and 4.43±0.68 mm, respectively. SE andAL were not found to be correlated with pupillary size. The mesopic pupillary diameter was slightlyhigher in females than in males (5.98±0.50 vs. 5.62±0.68; Student t test; p=0.037). There was a statistically significant negative correlation between mesopic and scotopic pupillary diameters and age.Conclusion: This study investigated the pupillary diameters of myopic refractive surgery candidates and showed that age and sex are the most important determinants of pupillary diameter.

OBJECTIVEIn this study, three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated RT(IMRT), and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) techniques were compared in patients withglioblastoma multiforme (GBM) receiving RT. Comparisons were made in terms of sparing the organsat risk (OAR), by using European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Advisory Committee on Radiation Oncology Practise (EORTC-ACROP) guideline.METHODSRT in 10 patients was replanned. Treatment volume was created according to the EORTC-ACROP, and60 Gy/30 fraction dose was prescribed for planning target volume (PTV). PTV-less brain volume (BPTV) Dmean, OARs doses; V5Gy and V50Gy of B-PTV volumes; conformality, and homogeneity indices were analyzed.RESULTSB-PTV was spared better in IMRT. The optic chiasm, contralateral optic nerve, ipsilateral/contralateralcochlea were significantly spared in IMRT and VMAT. The best sparing for brainstem, pituitary gland,ipsilateral eye, ipsilateral lacrimal gland was obtained with VMAT. B-PTV volume received at least 5 Gywas similar in three plans, but lower with 50 Gy in IMRT and VMAT (p<0.001). Although homogenousdose distribution was obtained with similar homogeneity index in all three planning techniques, conformity index was the best in VMAT (p<0.001).CONCLUSIONVMAT provides improved conformity index and good homogeneity in GBM RT using the EORTCACROP target and dose definition. The best sparing for OAR was obtained with VMAT.

Tooth color is one of the most important factors in dental and facial esthetics. Theaim of this study was to determine the tooth color of the upper frontal teeth insubjects and to provide comparisons with different skin and eye colors.Material and methodsTooth color was determined in 255 patients in the intercanine sector of the maxillausing an intraoral spectrophotometer Vita Easyshade® (Vita Zahnfabrik. H RauterGmbH & Co. KG. Bad Sackingen. Germany). Skin and eye color was determined byvisual perception. The shades of the Vita Tooth Guide 3D Master (Vita Zahnfabrik,H Rauter GmbH & Co, KG, Bad Sackingen, Germany) were registered by thespectrophotometer. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to examine the differencesbetween tooth color and skin and eye color.ResultsThe most frequent shade registered in the central incisors was 2M1 (62 subjects,8.10%); in the lateral incisors, 1.5M1.5 (65 subjects, 8.50%); and in the canines, 2M3(142 subjects, 18.56%). Pearson’s chi-squared test results showed a statisticallysignificant difference in the relations between skin and eye color and central incisorcolor (p<0.01; p<0.001), lateral incisor color (p<0.001), and canine color (p<0.001;p=0.001). On the other hand, no significant difference was observed in the relationof the lateral incisors and canines with eye color.ConclusionSkin and eye color significantly correlate with tooth color; however, the color oflateral incisors and canines does not correlate significantly with eye color.

Medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) are physical complaints which are difficult to diagnoseby the medical analysis. According to studies, traumatic life events, and adverse childhood experiences underliethe occurrence of MUPS. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy that is appliedto treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and recently it is known that EMDR can be used in the treatmentprotocol of other mental health problems. This case report demonstrates efficaciousness of EMDR therapy onPTSD-related daytime blindness (hemeralopia).

Objective: The present study aims to determine the number and position of the nutrient foramina (NF) of the human femur, tibia,and fibula and to observe the size, direction, and obliquity of the nutrient foramina.Methods: We observed 265 adult human, lower limb long bones in the Department of Anatomy of the Gaziantep University. Thenutrient foramina were identified with naked eyes, and the obliquity was determined with a hypodermic needle. Gauge 20 and 24needles were used for size determination. Shape was observed with the naked eye and classified into oval and round types. Thenutrient foramina location was determined by dividing total bone length into three segments, and the locations were validatedby calculating foraminal index (FI).Results: Results showed that 79% of the long bones had a single nutrient foramen. More than 96% of the nutrient foramina weredirected away from the knees. A total of 87% of the femoral foramina were located in the middle third, 72% of the tibial foraminawere located in the proximal third, and 98% of the fibular nutrient foramina were located in the middle third of the specimens.Overall, no foramina were found on the distal third of the studied bones.Conclusion: Our study findings are in accordance to the findings from several research studies. The assessment of pathologicalconditions associated with the findings of foramen nutricium in our study may help clinicians and surgeons in planning treatmentsfor applications to be performed in this region. However, it is thought that literature will be a source for basic and clinical sciencesby providing reference values.

Fungal keratitler patojen fungusların korneada yaptığı fırsatçı bir enfeksiyondur. Fungal keratitlerden en sık sorumlu olan etkenler filamentöz funguslardır. Fusarium ve Aspergillus en sık keratit yapan iki filamentöz funguslardır. Göz travması, topikal antibiyotik ve steroid kullanımı, kontakt lens kullanımı, sistemik hastalıkların varlığında (diyabetes mellitus), immun sistemin zayıflaması oluşan keratit olgularında fungusların etken olabileceği akılda tutulmalıdır. Olgumuzda Tip 2 diyabetes mellitusu olan 54 yaşındaki erkek bir hastada izole edilen Aspergillus flavus'un, kötü prognozlu, tedavisi zor, görme kaybına yol açabilmesi nedeniyle öneminin vurgulanması amaçlandı.

Parasitic infestations of the external eye are uncommon and more often prevalent in tropical and developingcountries. We present three cases with ocular infestation caused by three different arthropods admitted to theophthalmology department of a tertiary health care centre during two months. The first case was infected withthe larvae of Oestrus ovis, the second case with Phthiriasis palpebrarum, and the third case with a tick, Ixodesricinus. All patients in this report were living in city center of Bursa, one of the most industrialized cities ofTurkey. Ocular ectoparasitic infestations should be taken into consideration in differential diagnosis ofconjunctivitis, blepharitis and eyelid mass, even if patients living in urban areas. Due to the rarity of ocularectoparasitic infestations and overlapping symptoms with more commonly occuring ophthalmic conditions, acareful ophthalmic examination is required to avoid misdiagnosis and delay in treatment

Dış dünyadan kaynaklanan tehdit ile kişinin bu tehditle başetme kapasitesi arasında ortaya çıkan yaşamsal bir dengesizlik ruhsal travmaya yol açar. Olağan gündelik yaşamı aşan şiddette stres verici olayları artırması nedeniyle (Örn. bedensel yaralanma ve diğer olumsuz etkenler) savaş ve terör ruhsal travma riskini artırmaktadır. Bu gibi koşullar aniden ortaya çıkan tekil olaylara yol açabileceği gibi, kronik ya da birikimli travma anlamına gelen gelişimsel nitelikli çocukluk çağı stres verici yaşantılarını ya da kitleleri topluca olumsuz yönde etkileyen olayları artırarak uzun vadeli zihinsel süreçlere de yol açmaktadır. Bunlar sırası ile Tip I, Tip II, ve Tip III travma yaşantısı oluştururlar. Terör kaynaklı bir bombalama olayına tanık olanlarda ilk aylarda travma sonrası stres bozukluğu sıklığı yaklaşık %10 olarak bildirilmekte olup, kadınlarda bu tanıya daha sık rastlanmaktadır. Savaş ortamında bulunanlarda ve savaş ortamından kaçan sığınmacılarda bu oran %50 dolayına kadar tırmanmaktadır. Bu durumlara müdahelede öncelikle doğal ve toplumsal baş etme mekanizmalarından yararlanılması, ortaya çıkan tepkileri patolojik olarak görmekten kaçınma, kurbandan çok üstesinden gelen kişi rolünün desteklenmesi, duyguların kişinin kendisi için kabul edilebilir bir çerçevede tutulması, matem süreçlerinin yaşanabilmesine olanak tanınması yerinde olacaktır. Çok sayıda kişiyi aynı anda etkileyen travmatik yaşantılarda devlet kurumları, medya, sağlık ve hukuk sisteminin desteği önem taşırken, görece maladaptif tepki geliştiren kişilere tedavi yaklaşımlarında bireysel yaşam öyküsü ön plana çıkmakta ve değişik türde travmatik olayların oluşturduğu örgünün yol açtığı tıkanıklık yaşanmış olayların kişi için öncelik sırasının yeniden düzenlenmesi ve geleceğe bakışı daraltmasını önüne geçilmesi başlıca işlemler olarak kendini göstermektedir. Son birkaç on yıldır gelişen psikotravmatolojinin ilkelerine uyulması yanı sıra göz hareketleri eşliğinde duyarsızlaştırma ve yeniden işleme (EMDR) gibi görece kısa sürede olumlu etki yaratabilen psikolojik destek yaklaşımlarından yararlanılmasının yaşamsal kırılmaya uğrayan zihinsel süreçlerin kişinin ve toplumun geleceğini karartmasını önlemede yararlı olduğu görülmektedir.

This work presents the diagnosis of iris nevus using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and deep belief network (DBN). Iris nevus is a pigmented growth (tumor) found in the front of the eye or around the pupil. It is seen that racial and environmental factors affect the iris color (e.g., blue, hazel, brown) of patients; hence, pigmented growths may be masked in the eye background or iris. In this work, some image processing techniques are applied to images to reinforce areas of interests in them, after which the considered classi ers are trained. We describe the automated diagnosis of iris nevus using neural network-based systems for the classi cation of eye images as nevus affected" and unaffected". Recognition rates of 93.35% and 93.67% were achieved for the CNN and DBN, respectively. Hence, the systems described in this work can be used satisfactorily for diagnosis or to reinforce the con dence in manual-visual diagnosis by medical experts.

Son yıllarda elde edilen birçok teknolojik ve tıbbi gelişmelere rağmen, modern dişhekimliğinde halen dikkate değer sayıda mesleki sağlık sorunları yaşanabilmektedir. Göz yaralanmalarına yol açan risk etkenleri içerisinde en önde gelenleri yüksek hızlı el aletleri ve ultrasonik cihazların kullanımı sırasında ortaya çıkan travmalardır. Dişhekimliği klinikleri, mekanik, kimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve elektromanyetik iritanların yaygın olarak kullanılmaları nedeniyle göz yaralanmalarına ve enfeksiyonlarına sık rastlanan ortamlardır. Bu ortamda yaşanan kazalar, hekimlerin, hastaların ve yardımcı sağlık personelinin yüz bölgesinde gözleri de içeren yaralanmalara sebep olabilirler. Bu yaralanmalar sonucunda gözlerde hafif iritasyon bulgularından kalıcı körlüğe kadar değişen klinik tablolar ortaya çıkabilir. Özel gözlükler ve yüz maskeleri gibi koruyucu malzemelerin kullanımı, tehlikeli ve fırlayan maddelerin etkilerine bağlı olan göz hasarlarının ve görme kayıplarının ortaya çıkma riskini azaltır. Bu yüzden, risk beklentisi düşük olan sıradan günlük işlemlerde bile bütün önlemler alınmalıdır. Dişhekimleri, hem kendilerine hem de hastalara ve yardımcı sağlık personeline yönelik koruyucu önlemleri almaktan sorumlu olduklarını unutmamalıdırlar